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汉译英实用技巧初探
提要：
< br>汉英结构和表达方式相去甚远，
为了在译文中不露刀斧之痕，
译者务必灵活运用转换、
省译、扩译等主要实用技巧。
关键词：转换，扩译
，省译
一、转换技巧
(transforming)
由于汉英结构不同，表达方式迥异，
< br>“
硬性翻译
”
不仅读起来别扭，
而且会闹出笑话。这
就译者在翻译时灵活使用转换的技巧，
有时
将汉语中的动词转换成英语的介词短语，
有时将
并列句译成主从
句，等等。法无定法，随机而化。力求做到云过无声，水过无痕。读来自然
流利，移植的
有如原生的。
1
．
词类的转换
(1)
名词译成动词
美国反对的理由是，北朝鲜不是联合国会员。
The
U.S.
objected
that
North
Korea
was
not
a
member
of
the
UN.
你很有鉴别力。
You
know
what?s
what.
(2)
动词译成名词
消防队员连续奋战了九个昼夜，才控制住了火势。
The
firemen
battled
against
the
flames
for
nine
days
and
nights
before
getting
them
under
control.
邱吉尔来到华盛顿说服罗斯福把在欧洲开辟第二战场的日期拖
延下去。
Churchill arrived
in
Washington
to
talk
Roosevelt
out
of
an
early
invasion
of
Europe.
富兰克林深信，我
们必须学会了解我们所在的这半球的邻居并学会与他们和睦相处。
Franklin
had
a
deep
conviction
that
we
must
learn
to
understand
and
to
get
on
with
our
neighbors
in
this
hemisphere.
(3)
动词译成形容词
先生曰：
“
狼负我，狼负我！
”
狼曰：
“
吾非固欲负汝。天生汝辈，固需吾辈食也。
”
“ You
are
an
ungrateful
beast,” complained
the
man.
“Not
at
all,”
retorted
the
wolf,
“it
is
not
that
I?m
ungrateful,
but
you
men
were
created
for
us
to
devour.”
（颜惠
庆译《马中锡
·
中山狼传》
）
他急切地想得到消息。
He was news-hungry.
并不是所有的人都喜欢这个方案。
The
program
was
not
popular
with
all
of
the
staff.
(4)
动词译成介词或介词短语
巴拿马人追求的最大目标是有机会从运河那里得到更多的收入。
The
most
the
Panamanians
are
after
is
a
chance
to
get
more
income
from
the
Canal.
有这样一个对手，倒是我们的幸运。
We
were
fortunate
in
our
opponent.
(5)
动词译成副词
每一次出游都是上次的继续，而不是重复。
Each
time
out
was
a
continuation,
not
a
repetition.
电视剧已经开始了。
The
TV
play
is
on.
(6)
形容词译成名词
我们对未来感到谨慎的乐观。
We
feels
cautious
optimism
about
the
future.
他注意到两国在柏林问题上的看法非常一致。
He
noticed
a
very
close
agreement
between
the
two
countries
on
the
Berlin
problem.
(7)
名词译成形容词
该机票的有效期为一年。
The
plane
ticket
would
be
good/ valid for
one
year.
(8)
名词译成副词
官方宣布，联合王国政府于
1997
年
7
月
1
日将香港交换给中华人民共和国。
It
was
officially
announced
that
the
Government
of
the
United
Kingdom
will
restore
Hong
Kong
to
the
People?s
Republic
of
China
wit
h
effect
from
1
July
1997.
这家报社的社论说，两国目前还谈不上核合作。
The
paper
said
editorially
that
nuclear
cooperation
between
the
two
countries
is
out
of
the
question
for
the
present.
2.
主被动语态的转换
(1)
主动译成被动
最近揭发出相当严重的贪污、受贿和官僚主义问题。
Serious
cases
of
embezzlement,
bribery,
and
bureaucracy
have
been
brought
to
light
recently.
《中苏友好同盟互助条约》已经名存实亡。
Sino-Soviet
Treaty
of
Friendship,
Alliance
and
Mutual
Assistance
had
now
been
reduced
to
less
than
a
shadow.
(2)
被动译成主动
聪明反被聪明误。
The
clea
r
failed
because
of
one?s
cleverness.
3.
句型转换
(1)
简单句之间的转换
简单句之间可以转
换，来表达相同或相近的意思。可改动的部分可能是主语，可能是谓语，
可能是宾语，可
能是定语，也可能是状语。
改造人的思想不是一件容易的事情。
Remoulding
of
one?s
ideology
is
not
an
easy
thing.
Ideological
remoulding is
not
an
easy
thing.
农民从改革中得到了实惠。
The
peasants received
benefit
from the
reform.
The
peasants benefited
by
the
reform.
外国朋友对我们在空间技术方面取得的巨大成就感到很惊讶。
The foreigners
marveled
at
our great
achievements
on
space
technology.
The foreigners
marveled
at
greatness
of
our achievements
on
space
technology.
(2)
单句与并列句之间的转换
带有因果关系的并列句可以的转换成简单句。
这套房子的窗户很大，可以接受充分的阳光。
The
window
of
this
flat
is
very
large,
hence
it
can
admit
an
adequate
amount
of
sunlight.
（译成并列句）
The
window
of
this
flat
is
large
enough
to
admit
an
adequate
amount
of
sunlight.
（译成简单从句）
(3)
复句与单句之间的转换
<
/p>
复句与单句之间的转换的特点是将复句的一部分变成短语，
这部分
可能是主语从句，
表语从
句，宾语从句，定语从句，或状语从句
。
遗憾的是，你已经结过婚了。
It is a pity you
have
already got
married.
（复句）
It is a pity
for you to have
already got
married.
（单句）
问题是如何发展。
The
question
now
is
how
we
should
develop.
（复句）
The
question
now
is
how to
develop.
（单句：复句中的表语从句变成短语）
格里利坚持要那位家伙买《纽约论坛报》来读。
Hollis Greely
insisted that
the
fellow
buy
New York Forum.
（复句）
Hollis
Greely
insisted
on
that
fellow
buying
New York Forum.
（单句）
愿意留下的可以留下。
Those
who
want
to
remain
may
do
so.
（复句）
Those
wanting
to
remain
may
do
so.
（单句）
万一陛下处死乔治
·
威瑟，那我就要沦为英国最蹩脚的诗了。
In case
Your Majesty
puts
Wither to death , I
will be reduced
to the
shoddiest
poet in the
UK.
（复句）
Your
Majesty
putting
Wither
to
death
,
I
will
be
reduced
to
the
shoddiest
poet
in
the
UK.
（单句）
4.
省译技巧
(pruning)
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