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陆地生态系统生态学原理期末考试真题

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2021-03-01 05:36
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2021年3月1日发(作者:trademark)


Final exam for the course of Ecosystem Ecology, April 25, 2009


Name___________




Student Number__________


1. Multiple choice. For each question, there is only one best answer. Circle the correct


answer with your pen or pencil. (1 pt. each, 40 pts. total).


1). If you are trying to develop a self-contained ecosystem that will be shipped into space to live


by itself, which of the following is the minimum situation required for success:


a. autotrophs only are needed.


b. autotrophs and heterotrophs both are needed.


c.


autotrophs and decomposers are both needed.


d. you must have autotrophs, heterotrophs, and decomposers.


2). Seasonality in the tropics is most related to variation in ________ while seasonality in the


temperate zone is most related to variation in __________.


a. rainfall, temperature


b. temperature, rainfall


c. the tilt of the earth, the spin of the earth


d. the spin of the earth, the tilt of the earth


3). Which of the following nutrient cycles directly contributes to acid rain?


a. phosphorus cycle


b. sulfur cycle


c. hydrologic cycle


d. lead cycle


4). Deserts are associated with which latitude:


a. equatorial zones



b. 45 degrees north or south of equator


c. 30 degrees north or south of equator



d. they are not associated with latitude at all


5). Which type of response curve is most likely characteristic of micronutrients such as boron?


a. linear response



c. optimum response


b. saturation response



d. sigmoid response


6). If the earth spun in the opposite direction, the climate of Sichuan would probably be:



a. Much warmer throughout the year.


b. Generally wetter than it is now.


c. Drier than it presently is.


d. Sichuan would be unaffected by the change in spin.


7). The increasing concentration of chemicals (including nutrients or pollutants) in higher trophic


levels is termed:


a. net primary productivity



b. biological magnification



c. trophic dynamics


d. biological remuneration


8). Which of the following nutrients with a gaseous biogeochemical cycle requires interactions


with specific bacteria to make the cycle


a. oxygen


b. nitrogen


c. sulfur


d. carbon


9). What is typical of local nutrient cycles in situations that supported temperate grasslands before


human settlement?


a. large accumulation of litter in the soil


b. very high and constant rates of decomposition


c. most nutrients stored in living biomass


d. unused nutrients rarely found


10). Higher plants most often absorb nitrogen from the soil in the form of


a. free nitrogen gas



b. ammonia



c. amino acids



d. nitrates



e. nitrites


11). As an ecosystem passes through the stages of succession



a. its species diversity decreases



b. its biomass increases



c. it becomes less stable



d. its ability to withstand stress decreases


12). Competition


a.


describes


an


interaction


in


which


one


organism


is


adversely


affected


while


the


other


is


unaffected


b. occurs only over food sources


c. may result in one species dying off or being forced to change its ecological niche


d. occurs only between closely related organisms


13). As energy flows through the ecosystem, the amount available to each trophic level



a. decreases



b. increases



c. remains the same



d. none of the prior answers is correct


14). When we eat vegetables we are acting as


a. producers



b. primary consumers



c. secondary consumers



d. decomposers


15)


. Why has earth’s climate warmed over the past 150 years?



a. increased greenhouse gas concentration


b. increased solar input


c. land-use and land-cover change


d. a and c


e. all of the above


16). Why do seasons occur on Earth?


a.


earth’s distance from


the sun varies throughout the year.


b. the Coriolis force



c.


because of the tilt of earth’s axis.



d. because the earth is close to the sun in the summer and far from the sun in the winter.


e. because of seasonal changes in albedo


17). Which of the following has the highest albedo?


a. sea ice


b. fresh snow


c. tundra


d. desert


e. standing dead grass


18). Turnover of plant tissues is _________ in the arctic compared to the tropics.



a. slower


b. faster


c. about the same


d. energetically more expensive


e. none of the above


19). Of the following, which is the best substitution for NPP?



a. photosynthetic capacity


b. productivity per unit leaf area


c. total leaf area


d. specific leaf area


e. average leaf N concentration


20). Which season of the year has the highest concentration of CO


2


in the atmosphere of the


Northern Hemisphere?


a. summer b. autumn


c. winter d. spring


21). Water is important in the Earth system because


a.


it’s necessary for life



b. it exists in nature in gas, liquid, and solid states


c. in changing from one state to another energy is stored or released


d.


in


it’s


various


phases


it


is


the


primary


medium


by


which


energy


is


transmitted



among


Earth’s reservoirs.



e. all of the above.


22). Wind-driven ocean currents occur in


a. the deep ocean


b. the surface ocean


c. the deep and the surface ocean


d. do not occur in the ocean


23). Between which reservoirs does most of carbon transfer take place?


a. between the atmosphere and rocks


b. between the atmosphere and the ocean


c. between the atmosphere and biomass


d. between the ocean and rocks.


24). For a system that is in Steady State


a. inflow = outflow and the contents of the reservoir is constant with time.


b. inflow = outflow and the contents of the reservoir grows over time.


c. inflow = outflow and the contents of the reservoir declines over time.


d. inflow does not equal outflow.


25). What are the mechanisms of inflow and outflow in the short-term organic carbon cycle?


a. diffusion and lithification


b. plate tectonics and respiration


c. photosynthesis and respiration


d. lithification and respiration


26). The inorganic carbon cycle describes the way that carbon is transported among the reservoirs


of the atmosphere, ocean, and solid Earth


a. by mechanisms that involve living organisms.


b. by mechanisms that do not involve living organisms.


c. by all mechanisms.


d. by mechanisms that use pesticides or hormones.


27). Chemical weathering occurs when


a. CO


2


dissolves in the ocean


b. Rocks (CaCO


3


and CaSiCO


3


) are dissolved by rain water and are washed into the ocean.


c. Volcanic eruptions emit dust and gases into the atmosphere


d. Burning of fossil fuel causes acid rain.


28). Goats depend on autotrophs for the production of:


a. oxygen


b. carbohydrates


c. both of the above


d. goats are autotrophy


29). The number of individuals that an area can support refers to its:


a. birth rate


b. death rate


c. carrying capacity


d. ecological niche


30). Critically important minerals and other essential substances would be permanently lost to


organisms if it were not for the:


a. producers


b. consumers


c. decomposers


d. niches


31). Who developed the five factors of soil formation that constrain soil and ecosystem


development?



a. Arthur Tansely


b. John Derrick Ovington


c. Hans Jenny


d. Raymond L. Lindeman


32). PET is always ________ AET



a. >



b. <



c. =



d.







33). Turnover rate is equal to:


a. MRT


b. stock/flow


c. flow times stock


d. flow/stock


34). Photorespiration is catalyzed by



a. PEP carboxylase


b. succinase


c. ATP synthase


d. rubisco


e. alpha-ketogluterate.


35). When soils are dry or nutrient poor, in which tissues would you expect plants to invest


relatively more growth?


a. roots


b. shoots


c. stems


d. rubisco


36). Metamorphic rocks:

-


-


-


-


-


-


-


-



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