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Unit 4 Public transport
Welcome
to the unit
Language Points
drop off
phr v
to
begin to sleep
She kept
dropping off at her desk.
I
must have dropped off to sleep .
drop
sb/sth
?
off
to
take someone or something to a place by car and
leave them there on your way to another
place
I'll drop
you off on my way home.
to fall to a
lower level or amount
The
number of graduates going into teaching has
dropped off sharply.
Reading
Part A
1863
e
it
linked
with
other
lines
at
almost
every
station,
making
the
system
more
user-friendly.
is the
architect that designed many of the
stations between 1918 and 1938. Many of
the
stations are still in use today.
Part C1
1.
Most
railway
tracks
did
not
go
into
the
London
city centre, so buses were required.
This
increased
traffic
on
the
road.
The
underground
system
transported
more
people
without
increasing
traffic
on
the
road.
2.
The
carriages
did
not
have
windows
and
were
pulled
by
steam
engines
through
narrow tunnels.
3.
He bought many
of the different lines and
set up the
Underground Group.
4.
It
has
functioned
as
a
bomb
shelter,
an
aeroplane
factory,
anti-aircraft
centre,
meeting
rooms
for
the
government
administration.
5.
More
lines
were
added
because
more
people traveled on the underground.
6.
It means that
many of the lines are linked
at
many
stations.
Therefore,
it
is
very
convenient
for
riders
to
go
to
different
places in the city from any station.
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Part C2
Date
Event
1854
An underground railway was decided to
be built
1863
The first tunnels were opened
1868
The next
section of the underground system was opened
1884
The
underground service was provided in the middle of
the city
1933
A
public organization was created
1918-1938
London transport
was expanded
After 1945
More
people traveled on the underground and more lines
were added
1977
The last line was added
Language Points
1.
distant
(Line5)
adj. far away
in
the distant past/future: far away in the past or
future:
distance
n. [C or U] the amount of space between
two places:
He travels quite a distance
(= a long way)
to work every
day.
Does she live within walking distance
of her parents?
1.
boundary
n. -- the edge
(Line5)
The
mountain becomes the national ~ for both
countries.
The
fence serves as a ~ between the two buildings.
the boundaries of knowledge
2.
historic
adj. -- having importance in or
influence on history
(Line
6)
11 November 1918 is a ~
day as it represents the end of World War I.
Can you tell me when the ~
meeting between the two great leaders was held?
This building is of
~importance.
historic / historical:
Historic and historical are
differentiated in usage, though their senses
overlap.
Historic refers to
what is important in history:
the historic first voyage
to outer space
It is also
used of what is famous or interesting because of
its association with persons or events
in history:
a
historic house
Historical
refers to whatever existed in the past, whether
regarded as important or not:
a historical character
Historical refers also to
anything concerned with history or the study of
the past:
a
historical novel
historical discoveries
The differentiation between the words
is not complete. They are often used
interchangeably:
historic times or
historical times
3.
choke
(Line8)
n. [C] v.
窒息；堵塞；阻塞
1). The
child swallowed a pen and chocked to death.
2). The roads to the coast were choked
with traffic.
3). At lunchtime the
streets were choked with traffic.
4).
Children can choke on peanuts.
引申
: chock back
忍住，抑制
chock up
因激动等说不出话来
4.
link
(Line21)
v. [T] to make
a connection between two or more people, things or
ideas:
1)
The explosions are
not thought to be linked in any way.
?
link
up
: to form a connection, especially in
order to work or operate together:
2)
The organization's aim is
to link up people from all over the country who
are suffering from
the
disease.
3)
They
linked up two areas by telephone.
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用法拓展
:be
connected with
与
……
相接，和
……
有联系
5.
place
(
Line 36)
v. --to be in a state or
situation
1) She placed a
tape recorder in front of her on the table.
2) His uncooperative attitude placed us
in an embarrassing situation.
3) This
job places great demands on the workers, which can
be quite stressful.
6.
be responsible for (L39)
be
in charge of
1)
The driver is responsible
for the passengers’ safety.
2) Philip is the project manager. He is
responsible for anything concerning the project.
3) Who is responsible for making the
dinner reservation?
7.
function as
(L42)
serve as
1) My living
room also functions as a study.
2) The
room functioned as a store room for keeping all
our collection.
3) The beautiful leaf
functioned as a bookmark
8.
honor
(L51)
a
quality that combines respect, pride and honesty:
a man of honor
We
fought for the honor of our country.
n.
[C] a reward, prize or title that publicly
expresses admiration or respect:
She
received an honor for her services to the
community.
in honor of sb./
sth. in order to celebrate or show great respect
for someone or sth.:
a banquet in honor
of the president
9.
permit
(L57)
v. -tt-
[T] to allow sth.:
The regulations do not permit much
flexibility.
[+do ing] The prison
authorities permit visiting only once a month.
[+ object + to infinitive] The security
system will not permit you to enter without the
correct
password.
10.
beneath
preposition (formal)
in or
to a lower position than sb/sth; under sb/sth:
They found the body buried beneath a
pile of leaves.
◆
The boat sank beneath the waves.
not good enough for sb:
He
considers such jobs beneath him.
◆
They thought
she had married beneath her (= married a man of
lower social status).
?
UNDER
beneath
adverb:
Her careful make-up hid the signs of
age beneath.
11.
order
n. [U]
顺序
in order of:
以……的顺序
out of
order
：杂乱无序
The
children lined up in order of age/height.
I can't find the file I need because
they're all out of order (= they are no longer
arranged in the
correct way).
Put the files in alphabetical order.
12.
discount
n. [C] a reduction in the usual
price:
折扣
They usually
give you a discount if you buy multiple copies.
They offer a 10 percent discount on
rail travel for students.
at a
discount
(a) at a reduced
price
打折扣
;
减价
.
(b) (fig
比喻
) not highly valued;
unfashionable
不受重视的
;
不时兴的
:
Concern for
others seems to be at (something of) a discount
today.
如今好像不兴关心别人
了
.
Word Power
3
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Language Points
1.
rely on
sb./sth.
1)
依靠，依赖
[+ ing form
of verb] The success of this project relies on
everyone making an effort.
[+ to
infinitive] I'm relying on the garage to fix the
car by tomorrow.
2) to trust someone or
sth. or to expect them to behave in a particular
way
指望，期待
British
weather can never be relied on - it's always
changing.
[+ ing form of verb] Don't
rely on finding me here when you get back (= I
might have gone).
Grammar
Participles
分词分为现在分词和过去分词，具有
动词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中作定语、补足语、
表语或状语。其否定形式是直接在
前面加
not
。分词的基本情况如下表所示：
< br>
类别
主动语态
被动语态
时间意义
语态意义
现
一般式
Doing
Being done
与谓语动词同时
根据语态形式，
在
或几乎同时发生
主动或被动意义
分
完成式
Having done
Having been done
发生在谓语动词之前
根据语态形式，
词
主动或被动意义
过去分词
done
无
表示动作完成
被动意义
I.
分词的构成
分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词构成为
V+ing,
过去分词构成为
V+ed
。分词也有<
/p>
一般式、过去式、完成式及主动和被动等各种形式。
II.
现在分词和过去分词的区别
1.
在时态上，现在分词表示正在进行，而过去分词表示已经完成。
Developing
countries
发展中国家
The developed countries
发达国家
Boiling water
沸腾的水
Boiled water
开水
2.
在语态上，现在分词表示主动，而过去分词表示被动。
The oppressing
class
压迫阶级
The oppressed
class
被压迫阶级
Burning fire
燃烧的火焰
Burned skin
烧伤的皮肤
III.
分词的时态与语态
1.
一般式（主动、被动）
分词的一般式
的主动式所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，
或在谓语动词表示的
动作之前发生。
其被动式表示这个动作正在发生或与谓语动作同时发生，<
/p>
主要作定语、
状语
或宾补。
When I entered the room, I found
him reading.
当我进入房间时，我发现他在读书。
I found the flowers watered.
我发现花已浇过了。
The building being repaired is a
hospital.
正在修建的建筑物是一家医院。
He
found the matter being talked everywhere.
他发现到处都在谈论这件事。
Being surrounded, the enemy were forced
to put down their guns.
敌人被包围，不得不缴械
投降。
2.
完成式（主动、被动）
分词的完成式表示分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。
完成时态的分词在
句中常作状语，
一般
不作定语。
Not having made adequate preparation,
we postponed the sports meet.
由于没做好充分的准备，我们推迟了运动会。
Having been given such a good chance,
how could he give it up?
给了这样好的机会，他怎能放弃呢？
3.
现在分词的被动式与过去分词的区别
过去分词表示动作已完成，
不强调时间概念，
而现在分词的被动
式强调某一动作正在进行中。
The building
repaired is library.
修建过的那个建筑物是我们的图书馆。
The building being repaired is our
library.
正在修建的那个建筑物是我们的图书馆。
4.
延续性动词和终止性动词的现在分词在时间含义上的区别
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