Prep - Verbal - 02

阶级划分是根据经济地位，而女性的经济地位

是由和她们相关的男性决定 的，并且这些女人有和她们男人跟多的相同的兴趣

Some feminist social scientists, by contrast, have argued that the basic division in

American society is instead based on gender, and that the total female

population, regardless of economic status, constitutes a distinct class.

但有人反

对，说美国社会的等级划分是根据性别的，女人整体是一个阶 级

Social historian

Mary Ryan, for example, has argued that in early- nineteenth-century America the

identical legal status of working-class and middle-class free women outweighed

比

..

重要

the differences between women of these two classes

相同的合法地位比不

同阶级女人间的差异性更重要

: married women, regardless of their family's

wealth, did essentially the same unpaid domestic work, and none could own

property or vote.

（

举例论证，结了婚的女人不管多富有还是会做家务并且没有选

举权等

< br>）

Recently, though, other feminist analysts have questioned this model,

examining ways in which the condition of working-class women differs from that

of middle-class women as well as from that of working-class men. Ann Oakley

notes, for example, that the gap between women of different economic classes

widened in the late nineteenth century< /p>

有新的

studies

说还是差异性更重 要因为女

人不同经济阶级的划分的范围不准确

: most working-class women, who

performed wage labor outside the home, were excluded from the emerging

middle-class ideal of femininity centered around domesticity and volunteerism.

Q5.

p2-rc

Question #16. 189-01

(21999-!-item-!-188;#058&000189-01)

The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) offer sociohistorical explanations for the cultural differences between men

and women in the United States

(B) examine how the economic roles of women in the United States changed

during the nineteenth century

(C) consider differing views held by social scientists concerning women's class

status in the United States

(D) propose a feminist interpretation of class structure in the United States

(E) outline specific distinctions between working-class women and women of the

upper and middle classes

Q6.

p2-rc Question #17. 189-03

(22045-!-item-!-188;#058&000189-03)

It can be inferred from the passage that the most recent feminist social science

research on women and class seeks to do which of the following?

(A) Introduce a divergent new theory about the relationship between legal status

and gender

(B) Illustrate an implicit middle-class bias in earlier feminist models of class and

gender

(C) Provide evidence for the position that gender matters more than wealth in

determining class status

(D) Remedy perceived inadequacies of both traditional social science models and

earlier feminist analyses of class and gender

(E) Challenge the economic definitions of class used by traditional social

scientists

Q7.

p2-rc Question #18. 189-05

(22091-!-item-!-188;#058&000189-05)

Which of the following statements best characterizes the relationship between

traditional social science models of class and Ryan's model, as described in the

passage?

(A) Ryan's model differs from the traditional model by making gender, rather

than economic status, the determinant of women's class status.

(B) The traditional social science model of class differs from Ryan's in its

assumption that women are financially dependent on men.

(C) Ryan's model of class and the traditional social science model both assume

that women work, either within the home or for pay.

(D) The traditional social science model of class differs from Ryan's in that each

model focuses on a different period of American history.

(E) Both Ryan's model of class and the traditional model consider multiple factors,

including wealth, marital status, and enfranchisement, in determining women's

status.

Q8.

p2-rc 13.

(25752-!-item-!-188;#058&002668)

An unusually severe winter occurred in Europe after the continent was blanketed

by a blue haze resulting from the eruption of the Laki Volcano in the European

republic of Iceland in the summer of 1984. Thus, it is evident that major

eruptions cause the atmosphere to become cooler than it would be otherwise.

Which of the following statements, if true, most seriously weakens the argument

above?

(A) The cooling effect triggered by volcanic eruptions in 1985 was counteracted

by an unusual warming of Pacific waters.

(B) There is a strong statistical link between volcanic eruptions and the severity

of the rainy season in India.

(C) A few months after El Chichn's large eruption in April 1982, air temperatures

throughout the region remained higher than expected, given the long-term

weather trends.

(D) The climatic effects of major volcanic eruptions can temporarily mask the

general warming trend resulting from an excess of carbon dioxide in the

atmosphere.

(E) Three months after an early springtime eruption in South America during the

late 19th century, sea surface temperatures near the coast began to fall.

Q9.

p2-rc 14.

(25938-!-item-!-188;#058&002908)

Most household appliances use electricity only when in use. Many microwave

ovens, however, have built-in clocks and so use some electricity even when they

are not in use. The clocks each consume about 45 kilowatt-hours per year.

Therefore, households whose microwave oven has no built-in clock use 45

kilowatt-hours per year less, on average, than do comparable households whose

microwave oven is otherwise similar but has a built-in clock.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A) Households that do not have a microwave oven use less energy per year, on

average, than do households that have a microwave oven.

(B) Microwave ovens with a built-in clock do not generally cost more to buy than

microwave ovens without a built-in clock.

(C) All households that have a microwave oven also have either a gas oven or a

conventional electric oven.

(D) Households whose microwave oven does not have a built-in clock are no

more likely to have a separate electric clock plugged in than households whose

microwave oven has one.

(E) There are more households that have a microwave oven with a built-in clock

than there are households that have a microwave oven without a built-in clock.

Q10-Q12

Essay #6. 196

(22098-!-item-!-188;#058&00196-00)

According to P. F. Drucker, the management philosophy known as Total Quality

Management (TQM), which is designed to be adopted consistently throughout an

organization and to improve customer service by using sampling theory to

reduce the variability of a product's quality, can work successfully in conjunction

with two older management systems. As Drucker notes, TQM's scientific

approach is consistent with the statistical sampling techniques of the

school of scientific management, and the organizational structure associated with

TQM is consistent with the social and psychological emphases of the

relations

However, TQM cannot simply be grafted onto these systems or onto certain

other non-TQM management systems. Although, as Drucker contends, TQM

shares with such systems the ultimate objective of increasing profitability, TQM

requires fundamentally different strategies. While the other management

systems referred to use upper management decision-making and employee

specialization to maximize shareholder profits over the short term, TQM envisions

the interests of employees, shareholders, and customers as convergent

汇聚的，

收敛的

. For example, lower prices not only benefit consumers but also enhance

an organization's competitive edge and ensure its continuance, thus benefiting

employees and owners. TQM's emphasis on shared interests is reflected in the

decentralized decision-making, integrated production activity, and lateral

structure of organizations that achieve the benefits of TQM.

Q10.

p2-rc Question #19. 196-01

(22144-!-item-!-188;#058&000196-01)

The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) point out contradictions in a new management system

(B) compare and contrast the objectives of various management systems

(C) identify the organizational features shared by various management systems

(D) explain the relationship of a particular management system to certain other

management systems

(E) explain the advantages of a particular management system over certain other

management systems

Q11.

p2-rc Question #20. 196-05

(22190-!-item-!-188;#058&000196-05)

Which of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to

the first paragraph?

(A) It presents contrasting explanations for a phenomenon presented in the first

paragraph.

(B) It discusses an exception to a general principle outlined in the first paragraph.

(C) It provides information that qualifies

斟酌

a claim presented in the first

paragraph.

(D) It presents an example that strengthens a claim presented in the first

paragraph.

(E) It presents an alternative approach to solving a problem discussed in the first

paragraph.

Q12.

p2-rc Question #21. 196-06

(22236-!-item-!-188;#058&000196-06)

According to the passage, the rationalist and human relations schools of

management are alike in that they

(A) are primarily interested in increasing profits

(B) place little emphasis on issues of organizational structure

(C) use statistical sampling techniques to increase profitability

(D) are unlikely to lower prices in order to increase profitability

(E) focus chiefly on setting and attaining long-term objectives

Q13.

p2-sc 19.

(25427-!-item-!-188;#058&002348)

Some anthropologists regard the early hominids' manner of walking as being less

efficient than in modern human beings.

(A) as being less efficient than in

(B) as less efficient than it is in

(C) as less efficient than that of

(D) to be less efficient than that of

(E) to have been less efficient than it is in

Q14.

p2-sc 20.

(25474-!-item-!-188;#058&002354)

The human nervous system and a telephone system superficially resemble each

other, not only because the former carries information in the form of electrical

impulses and because all of its neural pathways converge in the brain and spinal

cord, which together form a kind of central exchange.

(A) The human nervous system and a telephone system superficially resemble

each other, not only because the former carries

(B) The human nervous system and a telephone system bear a superficial

resemblance because they both carry

(C) The human nervous system bears a superficial resemblance to a telephone

system both because the former carries

(D) Superficially, a telephone system resembles the human nervous system both

because they carry

(E) There is a superficial resemblance between a telephone system and the

human nervous system, not only because they both carry

Q15.

p2-rc 15.

(25986-!-item-!-188;#058&002914)

Some airlines allegedly reduce fares on certain routes to a level at which they

lose money, in order to drive competitors off those routes. However, this

method of eliminating competition cannot be profitable in the long run. Once an

airline successfully implements this method, any attempt to recoup the earlier

losses by charging high fares on that route for an extended period would only

provide competitors with a better opportunity to undercut the airline's fares.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

(A) In some countries it is not illegal for a company to drive away competitors by

selling a product below cost.

(B) Airline executives generally believe that a company that once underpriced its

fares to drive away competitors is very likely to do so again if new competitors

emerge.

(C) As part of promotions designed to attract new customers, airlines sometimes

reduce their ticket prices to below an economically sustainable level.

(D) On deciding to stop serving particular routes, most airlines shift resources to

other routes rather than reduce the size of their operations.

(E) When airlines dramatically reduce their fares on a particular route, the total

number of air passengers on that route increases greatly.

Q16.

p2-sc 21.

(25520-!-item-!-188;#058&002357)

Before scientists learned how to make a synthetic growth hormone, removing it

painstakingly in small amounts from the pituitary glands of human cadavers.

(A) scientists learned how to make a synthetic growth hormone, removing it

painstakingly

(B) scientists had learned about making a synthetic growth hormone, they had to

remove it painstakingly

(C) scientists learned how to synthesize the growth hormone, it had to be

painstakingly removed

(D) learning how to make a synthetic growth hormone, scientists had to remove

it painstakingly

(E) learning how to synthesize the growth hormone, it had to be painstakingly

removed by scientists

Q17.

p2-sc 22.

(25566-!-item-!-188;#058&002406)

The direction in which the Earth and the other solid planets--Mercury, Venus,

and Mars--spins were determined from collisions with giant celestial bodies in the

early history of the Solar System.

(A) spins were determined from

(B) spins were determined because of

(C) spins was determined through

(D) spin was determined by

(E) spin was determined as a result of

Q18.

p2-rc 16.

(26678-!-item-!-188;#058&003277)

When an airplane is taken out of service for maintenance, it is often repainted as

well, and during the repainting no other maintenance work can be done on the

plane. In order to reduce maintenance time, airline officials are considering

using a new nontoxic plastic film instead of paint. The film takes just as long to

apply as paint does, but many other maintenance tasks can be carried out at the

same time.

Which of the following, if true, is further evidence that using the film will help the

airline officials achieve their goal?

(A) Unlike paint, the film gives a milky tone to certain colors.

(B) At the end of its useful life, the film can be removed much more quickly than

paint can.

(C) The film can be applied only by technicians who have received special

training.

(D) The metal exteriors of airplanes have to be protected from high

temperatures and caustic chemicals such as exhaust gases.

(E) Even at speeds considerably higher than the normal speed of a passenger jet,

the film remains securely attached.

Q19.

p2-rc 17.

(26864-!-item-!-188;#058&003368)

At present the Hollywood Restaurant has only standard-height tables. However,

many customers come to watch the celebrities who frequent the Hollywood, and

they would prefer tall tables with stools because such seating would afford a

better view of the celebrities. Moreover, diners seated on stools typically do not

stay as long as diners seated at standard-height tables. Therefore, if the

Hollywood replaced some of its seating with high tables and stools, its profits

would increase.

The argument is vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it gives reason to

believe that it is likely that

(A) some celebrities come to the Hollywood to be seen, and so might choose to

sit at the tall tables if they were available

(B) the price of meals ordered by celebrities dining at the Hollywood

compensates for the longer time, if any, they spend lingering over their meals

(C) a customer of the Hollywood who would choose to sit at a tall table would be

an exception to the generalization about lingering

(D) a restaurant's customers who spend less time at their meals typically order

less expensive meals than those who remain at their meals longer

(E) with enough tall tables to accommodate all the Hollywood's customers

interested in such seating, there would be no view except of other tall tables

Q20.

p2-rc 18.

(26912-!-item-!-188;#058&003382)

The Calex Telecommunications Company is planning to introduce cellular

telephone service into isolated coastal areas of Caladia, a move which will

require considerable investment. However, the only significant economic activity

in these areas is small-scale coffee farming, and none of the coffee farmers

make enough money to afford the monthly service fees that Calex would have to

charge to make a profit. Nevertheless, Calex contends that making the service

available to these farmers will be profitable.

Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for Calex's

contention?

(A) Currently, Caladian coffee farmers are forced to sell their coffee to local

buyers at whatever price those buyers choose to pay because the farmers are

unable to remain in contact with outside buyers who generally offer higher prices.

(B) In the coastal areas of Caladia where Calex proposes to introduce cellular

telephone service, there is currently no fixed-line telephone service because

fixed-line companies do not believe that they could recoup their investment.

(C) A cellular telephone company can break even with a considerably smaller

number of subscribers than a fixed-line company can, even in areas such as the

Caladian coast, where there is no difficult terrain to drive up the costs of

installing fixed lines.

(D) Calex bases its monthly fees for cellular telephone service in a given region

partly on the cost of installing the necessary equipment to provide the service

there.

(E) Calex has for years made a profit on cellular telephone service in Caladia's

capital city, which is not far from the coastal region.

Q21.

p2-sc 23.

(25612-!-item-!-188;#058&002525)