-
参考文献
引用的规范应该按专业方向的不同选择使用
MLA
（
the
Modern
Language
Association
< br>）或者
APA
（
the
American Psychological Association
）
，一般偏重
人文学科
的
应用
MLA
，偏重自然学科的应用
AP
A
。学位申请人应认真阅读相应的规范使用手册。本节
提供部分
实例，供参考。
3.1
正文中的
引证
学位论文
引用别人的观点、
方法、
言
论必须注明出处，
注明出处时应该使用括号
夹注
的方法，
一般不使用
脚注
或者
尾注
。
3.1.1
引用整篇文献的观点
<
/p>
引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况，一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，
如：
MLA
：
Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar
opposites, not only in their personalities but in
their
sources of inspiration for
writing (Taylor).
APA
：
Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar
opposites, not only in their personalities but in
their
sources of inspiration for
writing (Taylor, 1990).
另一种
情况是作者的姓氏已在正
文同
一句中出现，
按
MLA
的规范不需要使用括号
夹
注
，
如：
MLA
：
Taylor
claims
that
Charlotte
and
Emily
Bronte
were
polar
opposites,
not
only
in
their
personalities but in their sources of
inspiration for writing.
而按
APA
的规范则没有必要在括号
夹注<
/p>
中重复作者的姓，如：
APA
：
Taylor
claims
that
Charlotte
and
Emily
Bronte
were
polar
opposites,
not
only
in
their
personalities but in their sources of
inspiration for writing (1990).
如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正
文同
一句中
出现，按
APA
的规范不需使用括号夹
注，如：
APA
：
In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that
Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites,
not
only in their personalities but in
their sources of inspiration for writing.
在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需
用
汉语拼音
标明作者的姓氏，
不得使用
汉字，如：
MLA
：
(Zhu 12)
APA
：
(Zhang, 2005)
3.1.2
引用文献中具体观点或文字
引用文献
中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的
页码
，
没有
页码
是文
献引用不规范的表现。例如：
MLA
：
Ancient writers attributed the
invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who
lived in the
sixth century BC (Marcuse
197).
Monasteries in
medieval Europe were not short of speculations
about Greek inventions
(Marcuse
190-203).
APA
：
Emily
Bronte
“
expressed
increasing
hostility
for
the
world
of
human
relationships,
whether
sexual or social
”
(Taylor,
1988, p. 11).
Newmark
(1988,
pp.
39-40)
notes
three
characteristically
expressive
text-types:
(a)
serious
imaginative
literature
(e.g.
lyrical
poetry);
(b)
authoritative
statements
(political
speeches
and
documents,
statutes
and
legal
documents,
philosophical
and
academic
works by
acknowledged authorities); (c) autobiography,
essays, personal correspondence
(when
these are personal effusions).
注意在这些例子中引文超过一页时的
页码
标记方法：<
/p>
MLA
的规范是
(Marcuse
190-203)
，而
APA
的规范是
(1988, pp.
39-40)
。
假若作者的姓氏已在
正
文同
一句中出现，则不需要在括号夹注中重复，如：
MLA
：
Ancient
writers,
according
to
Marcuse,
attributed
the
invention
of
the
monochord
to
Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth
century BC (197).
APA
：
Taylor
writes
that
Emily
Bronte
“
expressed
increasing
hostility
for
the
world
of
human
relationships, whether sexual or
social
”
(1988, p. 11).
3.1.3
引用多位作者写作的同一文献
MLA
（二至三位作者）
：
Among
intentional
spoonerisms,
the
“
punlike
metathesis
of
distinctive
features
may
serve
to
weld
together
words
etymologically
unrelated
but
close
in
their
sound
and
meaning
”
(Jakobson and Waugh 304).
（如果有三位作者，在括号夹
注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏，如：
(Alton, Davies, and
Rice
56)
。
）
MLA
（三位以上的作者）
：
The
study
was
extended
for
two
years,
and
only
after
results
were
reviewed
by
an
independent panel did the researchers
publish their findings (Blaine et al. 35).
APA
（两位作者）
：
Research (Yamada &
Matsuura, 1982) reports the poor performance of
advanced English
learners who could use
English articles correctly only in 70 percent of
the cases.
注意两种规范的括号夹注中分别使用
“
and
”与“
&
”。
APA
（三至五位作者）
第一次引用：
According
to
educational
psychologists,
raising
children
is
a
responsibility
of
the
entire
community
(Franklin, Childs,
& Smith, 1995).
以后的引用：
To be
successful,
“
communities
must be willing to take this
responsibility
”
(Franklin et
al., 1995, p. 135).
APA
（五位以上的作者）
：
Patterns of byzantine intrigue have
long plagued the internal politics of
community
college
administration in Texas (Douglas et
al., 2003)
3.1.4
引用同样姓氏的不同作者
假若两个或
两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏，
则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母，
如：
MLA
：
Although some medical ethicists claim
that cloning will lead to designer children (R.
Miller
12), others note that the
advantages for medical research outweigh this
consideration (A.
Miller 46).
APA
：
Well-established
SLA
researchers
(e.g.,
R.
Ellis,
2002)
seem
rather
skeptical
of
the
assertion
that
repetition
alone
explains
the
development
of
the
knowledge
of
a
second
language
(N. Ellis, 2002).
引用中文著作或期刊
时同姓作者的情况较多，
应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区
< br>分，如：
MLA
：
(S.R. Wang 26) (J.X. Wang 30)
APA
：
(W.Y
. Wang, 2003) (L.F.
Wang, 2003, p. 213)
3.1.5
引用团体作者（
corporate
author
）
引用团体作者的作品，括号夹注中应使用团体的名称，如：
MLA
：
It was apparent that the American
health care system needed
“
to be fixed and perhaps
radically
modified
”
(Public Agenda
Foundation 4).
APA
：
Retired officers retain
access
to all of the
university's educational and recreational
facilities
(Columbia University, 1987,
p. 54).
3.1.6
引用无作者文献
引用无作者文献，<
/p>
如果文献标题没有出现在正文里，
则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者
（如果
标题过长的话）使用该标题中的关键词组，如：
MLA
：
An
anonymous
Wordsworth
critic
once
argued
that
his
poems
were
too
emotional
(
“
Wordsworth Is A
Loser
”
100).
APA
：
(
“
Mad
Cow,
”
2001)
或者
(Sleep
Medicine, 2001)
在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。
无论是
MLA
还是
APA
的规范，
独立
出版物
< br>的标题或者标题中的关键词组用
斜体
标出，
出版
物
内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品
（讲演、
论文等）
的标题或者标题中的关键词组
用引
号标出。
3.1.7
引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字
书信
和谈话（含
电子邮件
、访谈、电话等）无法在正文后面的
参考文献
中列出，但应该在正
文中使用括号夹
注的方法注明出处。例如：
MLA
：
Jesse Moore (telephone conversation,
May 12, 1989) admitted the need for an in-depth
analysis of the otherness expressed in
the work.
APA
：
Mira Ariel
(
e-mail
, April 17, 2004)
confirmed that
access
ibility
marking played a crucial role
in
discourse
organization.
Researchers may observe
that Chinese English majors with no overseas
experience often
have
a
better
command
of
English
than
American
foreign
language
majors
with
no
overseas
experience
have
of
the
language
they
study
(Eugene
Nida,
personal
communication,
November 8, 1986).
3.1.8
引用同一作者的多篇文献
按
MLA
规范，引用同一作者的多篇文献时，在括号夹注中应加入文献标题
中的关键词组，
如：
Lightenor has argued that computers are
not useful tools for small children
(
“
Too
Soon
”
38), though
he has acknowledged that early exposure to
computer games does lead to
better
small motor skill development
(
“
Hand-Eye
Development
”
17).
或者
Computers are
not useful tools for small children (Lightenor,
“
Too
Soon
”
38), though he
has acknowledged that early exposure to
computer games does lead to better small motor
skill development (Lightenor,
“
Hand-Eye
Development
”
17).
或者
Lightenor has
argued that computers are not useful tools for
small children, though he has
acknowledged
that early
exposure to computer games does lead
to
better
small
motor
skill development
(
“
Too
Soon
”
38 and
“
Hand-Eye
Development
”
17).
按
APA
规
范，同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别，如：
(Zhang, 1997) (Zhang, 1999) (Zhang,
2004)
括号夹注还可以表示同一作者的多篇文献，文献
按发表次序排列，如：
(Zhang, 1997,
1999, 2004)
同一年份发表的文献应对年份另加字母，
以示区别
（正文后
参考文献著录
中
相应的条目里的
年份应加同样的字母）
，如：
< br>
(Bloom, 2003a, 2003b)
3.1.9
同时引用不同作者的多篇文献
括号夹
注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献，文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列（注意
分号
的使
用）
，如：
MLA
：
The dangers of mountain lions to humans
have been well documented (Rychnovsky 40;
Seidensticker 114; Williams 30).
APA
：
Distance from health care providers,
lack of transportation, lack of health care
providers,
lack of information about
the disease and various treatment options, poverty
and social
isolation due to geography
are all factors which affect treatment decisions
of rural clients
(Brown, 2001;
Sullivan, Weinert & Fulton, 1993; Weinert &
Burman, 1994).
在
MLA
的规范中，如果不同作者的多篇文献过于冗长，则不用括号夹注，而使用
脚注
（见
第
3.1.1
2
节）
。
3.1.10
引用非直接文献（
indirect
source
）
论文应尽可能避免使
用非直接文献（即二级文献
secondary source
）
，但在无法找到直接文
献（即一级文献
primary source
）的情况下，引文可以从非直接文献中析出，例如：<
/p>
MLA
：
Samuel
Johnson
admitted
that
Edmund
Burke
was
an
“
extraordinary
man
”
(qtd.
in
Boswell
2: 450).
（注意：“
qtd. in
”中的字母“
i
”不得大写。
）
APA
：
Grayson (as cited in Murzynski &
Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four components
of
body language
that were
related to judgments of vulnerability.
One researcher (Grayson, as cited in
Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified
four
components of
body
language
that were related to judgments
of vulnerability.
引用非直接文献以后
，
在正文后参考文献
著录
中只需列入该
非直接文献的条目
（即上述实例
中的“
Boswell
”和“
Murzynski &
Degelman, 1996
”）
。
3.1.11
引用文学作品和经典文献
按
MLA
的规范，有几种情况括号夹注内不标页码。