-
MLA
和
APA
格式的
区别
最佳答案
参考文献引用的规范应该按
专业方向的不同选择使用
MLA
（
th
e Modern Language
Association
）或者
APA
（
the
American Psychological Association
），一般偏
重人文学科的
应用
MLA
，偏重自然学
科的应用
APA
。学位申请人应认真阅读相应的规范使用手册。
本节
提供部分实例，供参考。
3.1
正文中的引证
学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处，注明出
处时应该使用括号夹注的方
法，一般不使用脚注或者尾注。
3.1.1
引用整篇文献的观点
引用整篇文献
（即全书或全文）
观点时有两种情况，
一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，
如：
MLA
：
Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar
opposites, not only in their personalities but in
their
sources of inspiration for
writing (Taylor).
APA
：
Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar
opposites, not only in their personalities but in
their
sources of inspiration for
writing (Taylor, 1990).
另一种
情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，
按
MLA
的规范不需要使用括号夹注，
如：
MLA
：
Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily
Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their
personalities but in their sources of
inspiration for writing.
而按
APA
的规范则没有必要在括号夹注中重复作者的姓，如：
APA
：
Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily
Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their
personalities but in their sources of
inspiration for writing (1990).
如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，按
APA
的规范不需使用括号夹
注，如：
APA
：
In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that
Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites,
not
only in their personalities but in
their sources of inspiration for writing.
在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作
或者期刊，
括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，
不得使
用汉字，如：
MLA
：
(Zhu 12)
APA
：
(Zhang, 2005)
3.1.2
引用文献中具体观点或文字
引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码，没有页码是
文献引用不规范的表现。例如：
MLA
：
Ancient writers attributed the
invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who
lived in the
sixth century BC (Marcuse
197).
Monasteries in
medieval Europe were not short of speculations
about Greek inventions
(Marcuse
190-203).
APA
：
Emily Bronte “expressed increasing
hostility for the world of human relationships,
whether
sexual or social” (Taylor,
1988, p. 11).
Newmark (1988, pp. 39-40) notes three
characteristically expressive text-types: (a)
serious imaginative literature (e.g.
lyrical poetry); (b) authoritative statements
(political
speeches and documents,
statutes and legal documents, philosophical and
academic
works by acknowledged
authorities); (c) autobiography, essays, personal
correspondence
(when these are personal
effusions).
注意在这些例子中引文超过一页时
的页码标记方法：
MLA
的规范是
(M
arcuse 190-203)
，而
APA
的规范是
(1988, pp.
39-40)
。
< br>假若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，则不需要在括号夹注中重复，如：
MLA
：
Ancient writers, according to Marcuse,
attributed the invention of the monochord to
Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth
century BC (197).
APA
：
Taylor writes that Emily Bronte
“expressed increasing hostility for the world of
human
relationships, whether sexual or
social” (1988, p. 11).
3.1.3
引用多位作者写作的同一文献
MLA
（二至三位作者）：
Among intentional spoonerisms, the
“punlike metathesis of distinctive
featu
res may serve
to weld
together words etymologically unrelated but close
in their sound and meaning”
(Jakobson
and Waugh 304).
（如果有三位作者，在括号夹注中应用逗号分隔他们
的姓氏，如：
(Alton, Davies, and Rice
56)
。）
MLA
（三位以上的作者）：
The study was extended for two years,
and only after results were reviewed by an
independent panel did the researchers
publish their findings (Blaine et al. 35).
APA
（两位作者）：
Research (Yamada & Matsuura, 1982)
reports the poor performance of advanced English
learners who could use English articles
correctly only in 70 percent of the cases.
注意两
种规范的括号夹注中分别使用
“and”
与
“&”
。
APA
（三至五位作者）
第一次引用：
According
to educational psychologists, raising children is
a responsibility of the entire
community (Franklin, Childs, & Smith,
1995).
以后的引用：
To be successful,
“communities must be willing to take this
responsibility” (Franklin et
al., 1995,
p. 135).
APA
（五位以上的作者）：
Patterns of byzantine intrigue have
long plagued the internal politics of community
college
administration in Texas
(Douglas et al., 2003)
3.1.4
引用同样姓氏的不同作者
假若两个或两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏，则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母，
如：
MLA
：
Although some medical ethicists claim
that cloning will lead to designer children (R.
Miller
12), others note that the
advantages for medical research outweigh this
consideration (A.
Miller 46).
APA
：
Well-established SLA researchers (e.g.,
R. Ellis, 2002) seem rather skeptical of the
assertion that repetition alone
explains the development of the knowledge of a
second
language (N. Ellis, 2002).
引用中
文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多，应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以
区分，
如：
MLA
：
(S.R. Wang 26)
(J.X. Wang 30)
APA
：
(W.Y. Wang, 2003)
(L.F. Wang, 2003, p. 213)
3.1.5
引用团体作者（
corporate
author
）
引用团体作者的作品，括号夹注中应使用团体的名称，如：
MLA
：
It was apparent that the American
health care system needed “to be fixed and perhaps
radically modified” (Public Agenda
Foundation 4).
APA
：
Retired officers retain access to all
of the university's educational and recreational
facilities (Columbia University, 1987,
p. 54).
3.1.6
引用无作者文献
引用无作者文献，如果文献标题没有出现在正文里，则括号夹
注中应使用该标题或者（如
果标题过长的话）使用该标题中的关键词组，如：
MLA
：
An anonymous Wordsworth critic once
argued that his poems were too emotional
(“Wordsworth Is A Loser”
100).
APA
：
(“Mad Cow,” 2001)
或者
(Sleep
Medicine, 2001)
在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。
无论是
MLA
还是
APA
的规范，独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组
用斜体标出，出
版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品
（讲演
、
论文等）
的标题或者标题中的关键词组用
引号标出。
3.1.7
引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字
<
/p>
书信和谈话（含电子邮件、访谈、电话等）无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出，但应该在<
/p>
正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如：
MLA
：
Jesse Moore (telephone conversation,
May 12, 1989) admitted the need for an in-depth
analysis of the otherness expressed in
the work.
APA
：
Mira Ariel (e-mail, April 17, 2004)
confirmed that accessibility marking played a
crucial role
in discourse organization.
Researchers may observe that Chinese
English majors with no overseas experience often
have a better command of English than
American foreign language majors with no
overseas experience have of the
language they study (Eugene Nida, personal
communication, November 8, 1986).
3.1.8
引用同一作者的多篇文献
按
MLA
规范，引用同一作者的多篇文献时，在
括号夹注中应加入文献标题中的关键词组，
如：
Lightenor has argued that computers are
not useful tools for small children (“Too Soon”
38), though he has acknowledged that
early exposure to computer games does lead to
better small motor skill
deve
lopment
(“Hand
-
Eye Development” 17).
或者
Computers are not useful tools for
small children (Lightenor, “Too Soon” 38), though
he
has acknowledged that early exposure
to computer games does lead to better small motor
skill development (Lightenor,
“Hand
-Eye
Development” 17).
或者
Lightenor has argued that computers are
not useful tools for small children, though he has
acknowledged that early exposure to
computer games does lead to better small motor
skill development (“Too Soon” 38 and
“Hand
-
Eye Development”
17).
按
APA
规
范，同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别，如：
(Zhang, 1997)
(Zhang, 1999)
(Zhang, 2004)
<
/p>
括号夹注还可以表示同一作者的多篇文献，文献按发表次序排列，如：
(Zhang, 1997, 1999, 2004)
同一年份发表的文献应对年份另加字母，
以示区别
（正文后参考文献著录中相应的条目里的
年份应加
同样的字母），如：
(Bloom, 2003a, 2003b)
3.1.9
同时引用不同作者的多篇文献
括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献，文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列（注意分号的使
用），如：
MLA
：
The dangers of mountain lions to humans
have been well documented (Rychnovsky 40;
Seidensticker 114; Williams 30).
APA
：
Distance from health care providers,
lack of transportation, lack of health care
providers,
lack of information about
the disease and various treatment options, poverty
and social
isolation due to geography
are all factors which affect treatment decisions
of rural clients
(Brown, 2001;
Sullivan, Weinert & Fulton, 1993; Weinert &
Burman, 1994).
在
MLA
的规范中，
如果不同作者的多
篇文献过于冗长，
则不用括号夹注，
而使用脚注
（见
第
3.1.12
节）。<
/p>
3.1.10
引用非直接文献（
indirect
source
）
< br>论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献（即二级文献
secondary sourc
e
），但在无法找到直接
文献（即一级文献
primary source
）的情况下，引文可以从非直接文献中析出，例如：
MLA
：
Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund
Burke was an “extraordinary man” (qtd. in
Boswell 2: 450).
（注意：
“qtd. in”
中的字母
“i”
不得大写。）
APA
：
Grayson (as cited in Murzynski &
Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four components
of
body language that were related to
judgments of vulnerability.
One researcher (Grayson, as cited in
Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified
four
components of body language that
were related to judgments of vulnerability.
引用非直接文献以后，在正文后参
考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目（即上述实
例中的
“
Boswell”
和
“Murzynski &
Degelman, 1996”
）。
3.1.11
引用文学作品和经典文献
按
MLA
的规范，有几种情况括号夹注内不标页
码。
在引用剧本时应标出引文的幕、场、行，如：
In his famous advice to
players, Shakespeare?s Hamlet defines the purpose
of theater,
“whose end, both at the
first and now, was and is, to hold, as ?twere, the
mirror up to
nature”
(3.2.21
-23).
这里的
括号夹注表示引文来自剧本第三幕第二场的
21
至
23
行。（注意标点的使用。）
在引用诗歌时应标出引文的节、行，如：
When Homer?s Odysseus comes to the hall
of Circe, he finds his men “mild / in her soft
spell, fed on her drug of evil”
(10.209
-11).
这里的
括号夹注表示引文来自诗歌第
10
节的
209
至
211
行。
< br>对不分节的诗第一次引用时应
说明括号里标的是行数，使用
“line”
，以后的引用则不需再说明。例如：
第一次引用：
(lines
5-8)
以后的引用：
(12-13)
在引用有章节、分册的小说的时候，应标出引文所在的页码、
册数、章节，如：
One of Kingsolver?s
narrators, teenager Rachel, pushes her vocabulary
beyond its limits.
For example, Rachel
complains that being forced to live in the Congo
with her missionary
family is “a sheer
tapestry of justice” because her chances of
finding a boyfriend are “dull
and void”
(117; bk. 2, ch. 10).
例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自该书第二册第十章的第
117
页。（注意标点和缩略语的使
用。）
在引用《圣经》、《可兰经》等经典文献的时候，应标出引文
的篇、章、节，如：
Consider the words
of Solomon: “If your enemies are hungry, give them
food to eat. If they
are thirsty, give
them water to drink” (Bible, Prov.
25.21).