食品专业英语重点句翻译2

Lesson 9

1. Lipids are a family of naturally occurring compounds grouped together on the basis of their relative insolubility in

water

in

nonpolar

solvents.

These

are

naturally

occurring

molecules

that

can

be

isolated

from

cells

and

tissues

by

extration using nonpolar organic solvents.

依据在水中的不溶解性和在非极性溶剂中的溶解 性，脂肪以家族形式组成而自然出现的。这些天然存在的分子可以

通过采用非极性有机溶 剂萃取的方法，在细胞和组织中分离得到。

2. Saturated fats have a uniform shape that allows them to pack together in a crystal lattice. Unsaturated fats have

double bonds that introduce kinks into the hydrocarbon chain making crystal formation more difficult.

饱和脂肪有一个均一一致的形状，这使得他它们能够在晶格中聚合起来。不饱和脂肪有双键能使 烃链发生扭曲，从

而使晶体的形成更加困难。

3.

The

most

abundant

lipid

in

olive

oil

is

glyceryl

trioleate,

a

trimester

formed

from

glycerol

and

oleic

acid,

a

mono-unsaturated fatty acid with a cis double bond in the middle of the C

18

chain.

橄榄油里最丰 富的脂质是三油酸甘油酯，

是甘油和油酸，与一个单不饱和脂肪酸加上一个顺式双键在< /p>

C18

链的中间

形成的一种三聚体。

4. Waxes are mixtures of esters of long chain carboxylic acids and long chain alcohols. The carboxylic acids usually

have an even number of carbon atoms, ranging from 16 to 36, and the long chain alcohols also have an even number

of carbon atoms, ranging from 24 to 36.

蜡是 一种由长链羧酸和长链醇通过脂键组成的酯的混合物。长链羧酸通常由偶数个（

16~3 6

个）

C

原子组成，而长

链醇也是由偶数个（

24~36

个）

C

原子组成。

Lesson10

5. This means that any catalyst that catalyze a reaction in one (e.g.,esterification) also catalyze the reverse(e.g., ester

hydrolysis) reaction. To say these things another way, catalysts do not change the energy balance between reactants

and products; catalysts do lower the energy barrier between reactants and products.

这意味着任何一个催化剂既可以催化一个反应朝一个方向进行，也 可以使其朝逆方向进行。换句话说，催化剂不会

改变反应物与产品之间的能量平衡，只是 降低反应物与产品之间的能量差值。

ic acid as a source of H+ will catalyze the formation of any ester from the appropriate alcohol and carboxylic

acid, but many enzymes are so specialized that they will catalyze a reaction of one molecule, but will leave untouched a

very similar molecule.

硫酸作为一个

H+

离子来源，

< br>能催化任何由合适的羧酸和醇构成酯的反应，

而许多酶的特性很高，

它们可以催化一种

分子反应，但不会触及另一类很相似的分子的反应。

7. This broader specificity is useful in the case of an enzyme like papain which is important in protein digestion. It can

catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide (amide) bonds in a variety of proteins, which means that the body does not need to

maintain a stock of more specific enzymes to tackle specific proteins.

这个广泛的特异性在酶中很有用，例如木瓜蛋白酶，它在蛋白质消化中具有重要意义。

木瓜蛋白酶可以在各种蛋白质中催化肽键的水解，从而可使人体不需要更 高特异性酶来专门水解特殊的蛋白质。

8. Thus we can describe them in terms of their primary, secondary, tertiary, and in many cases, quaternary structure.

They

are

long

chains

of

amino

acid

units

held

together

by

peptide

bonds,

looped

and

folded

into

secondary

and

tertiary (and often quaternary) structures by disulfide bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and salt bridges.

这样我们能从蛋白质一级，二级，三级和四级结构方面来描述酶：它们是由氨基酸通过肽键结合的单位 所组成，以

缠绕折叠的方式，由二硫键，疏水键，盐桥而构成二级和三级结构的许多长链 。

9. In such instances, the enzyme without the cofactor is called an apoenzyme, and the apoenzyme-cofactor complex

is called a

holoenzyme. We will

see that the protein chain of an apoenzyme can have functional

groups on its side

chains (R groups) which are important to its catalytic function, but other important functional groups are introduced by

way of cofactors.

有些时候，不含辅基的酶叫脱辅基蛋白酶，辅基和脱辅基 蛋白酶的复合物叫全酶。我们将发现由脱辅基蛋白酶组成

的蛋白质链的侧链上，

具有对它的催化功能起重要作用的功能基团，

但其他重要的功能基团则是 由催化剂的辅基提供。

10. The fit can come about either because the molecule fits easily into the enzyme's active site (lock- and-key model) or

because the enzyme's structure adjusts to the substrate's entry (induced fit model).

匹配进入酶的活性部位，要么因为这个分子容易进入酶的活性部位，要么因为酶的结构进行调整。

Lesson 11

11. These provide the energy and building materials for the countless substances that are essential to the growth and

survival of living things. The manner in which nutrients become integral parts of the body and contribute to its function

is dependent on the physiologic biochemical processes that govern their actions.

这些营养素为无数的生物生长和生存所必需的物质提供 了能量和构建物质。在这种方式中，营养素组成机体的有机

部分，并依据控制他们行为的 生理和生化过程，发挥他们的功能。

12. As constituents of food we eat they not only provide energy but also provide a basis for tastes, color, texture,

keeping qualities, and overall acceptability of that food, not nutrients, and therefore should consider the total role of

nutritional compounds in food.

作为我们所吃食物的组分，它们不仅提供了能量，而且提供了该食物的味觉 、颜色、质地、质量保持和总的接受程

度。不能遗忘的是我们吃的食物不是营养素，因此 我们应当考虑到食物中营养化合物总的作用。

13.

They

are

called

essential

nutrients

because

we

cannot

get

along

without

them .We

need

them

for

energy

for

building

and

maintaining

body

tissue,

and

for

regulating

body

process

—

the

three

essential

functions

of

food

in

the

body.

因为我们的生存离不开它们，所以 被认为是必须的营养素。我们需要这些营养素提供能量、建造和维持身体组织、

调节生理 反应，这就是食品必须营养素在身体中的三大功能。

14. Proper function of the absorptive and transport mechanisms is crucial to delivering the products of digestion to

the individual

cells. Derangements of any of these systems can result in malnutrition in the presence of an adequate

diet.

吸收和运输机制发挥正常功能对于 把消化系统降解的分子运输到每个细胞有重要的意义。任何对这些系统的扰乱

都能导致一 个适当的饮食营养失调。

15. Nutrition might be defined as process whereby we

obtain the essential nutrients and use them to make many

other

substances

our

bodies

need.

This

process

would

include

eating

digesting

food

absorbing

and

using,

or

metabolizing, the nutrients it contains.

吸收营养素可以被定义为我们所吸收的营养素和利用他们去组建我 们需要的其他物质的一个过程。这个过程包括了

摄入消化食物，和吸收与应用，或者代谢 食品中的营养素。

16. Each of these nutrients contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, while protein also contains nitrogen and it is the

ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen that determines the number of calories they provide.

这些营养 素含有

C

、

H

、

O

，蛋白质还含有

N

，并且

C

、

H

、

O

的比例决定了他们提供能量的大小。

17.

Is

more

always

better

or

is

there

an

optimum

intake

below

which

deficiency

might

result

and

above

which

toxicity could be caused? Indeed, there is an optimum amount. Deficiencies do occur and death can result from too

much of some of the nutrients.

是不是越多越好，还是有一个最佳摄取量，低于 该值会导致营养不良，高于则会累积毒素？事实上，是有一个最佳

摄取量。但是过量的摄 取某种营养素便会暴露缺陷和导致死亡。