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英语构词法
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派生词
派生词多数是由词根（
Base
）加后
缀（
Suffixes
）构成。构成名词的后缀常用的有下面这
些：
后缀
-er
-or
-ist
-ee
-ess
-ian
-ese
-ant
-ism
例词
thinker
actor
Marxist
harvester
sailor
scientist
pain-killer
eye-opener
transistor
semi-conductor
dentist
referee
waitress
Buddhist
trustee
lioness
构成形容词的后缀常用的有下面形式：
后缀
例词
-ful
cheerful
useful
homeless
reddish
collective
grateful
fearless
faithful
motherless
-ry
-eer
-ette
-let
-ate
jewelry
engineer
cigarette
booklet
bribery
slavery
rivalry
mountaineer auctioneer
profiteer
kichenette
usherette
leaflet
piglet
dinnerette
starlet
employee
trainee
hostess
magician
Chinese
actress
musician
Japanese
doctorate
consulate
electorate
sulphate
technician
physician
Portuguese
Pekinese
inhabitant
contestant
lubricant
dependant
socialism
racism
happiness
heroism
optimism
-less
careless
-ish
childish
-ive
active
-ness
illness
-(a)tion dictation
greatness
coldness
Swedish
selfish
decisive
destructive
preparation
exception
repetition
judgement
government
decision
wedding
-ment
movement
argument
-ion
-ing
-ship
-ous
courageous
famous
-able
acceptable
agreeable
-ic
realistic
poetic
significant
leisurely
accidental
handy
dependent
continuous erroneous
applicable
comfortable
historic
defiant
lively
energetic
observant
daily
expansion
discussion
revision
building
feeling
painting
leadership
friendship
scholarship hardship
likelihood
motherhood
leakage
pleasure
shrinkage
seizure
-ant
ignorant
-ly
-al
-y
friendly
critical
rainy
-hood
childhood
falsehood
-age
-ure
shortage
failure
marriage
pressure
kingdom
cruelty
reality
difficulty
warmth
denial
continual
exceptional
thirsty
dirty
-dom
freedom
-ty
-ity
-y
-th
-al
loyalty
activity
modesty
truth
refusal
martyrdom
officialdom
safety
penalty
-ent
different
consistent
obedient
-ary
imaginary
revolutionary honorary
secondary
-some troublesome
burdensome
lonesome
tiresome
-like
childlike
-en
-ed
golden
landed
womanlike
wooden
moneyed
warlike
earthen
cultured
manlike
woolen
talented
humidity
possibility
discovery
inquiry
health
approval
length
arrival
-ance
acceptance
allowance
assistance
reliance
-ence
dependence confidence
difference
reference
-ful
mouthful
handful
plateful
busful
-ate
fortunate
-an
European
affectionate
collegiate
passionate
Indian
American
Canadian
注：有些形容词有
-ic
和
-ial
两种词尾，意思不尽
相同，例如：
a classic performance
难忘的演出
classical
music
古典音乐
a
comic masterpiece
喜剧杰作
comical behavior
滑稽的举动
an economic
miracle
经济上的奇迹
economical arragement
节约的安排
a historic
building
有历史意义的建筑
historical research
史学研究
an electric
fan
电扇
electrical
energy
电能
此外，还有构成动词、副词和数词的后缀：
后缀
动词
-ize
realize
normalize
1
modernize
mechanize
例词
副词
数词
-en
-ify
-ate
-ly
-ward
-wise
-teen
-ty
-th
widen
beautify
hyphenate
really
onward
likewise
fourteen
forty
ninth
hasten
simplify
activate
happily
backward
clockwise
fifteen
fifty
twelfth
strengthen
amplify
motivate
simply
eastward
otherwise
lengthen
diversify
originate
terribly
homeward
lengthwise
前缀（
prefiles)
一般不造
成词类的转变，而只是引起意思上的变化。前缀中有相当一部分可构成反义词：
前缀
un-
dis-
in-
im-
ir-
il-
non-
de-
不
做相反动作
不
做相反动作
不
不
不
不
不，非
向相反方向发展
意思
unhappy
undress
dislike
disown
informal
immoral
irregular
illegal
non-existent
defrost
untrue
undo
dishonest
disinfect
inaccurate
impolite
irresistible
illogical
non-conductor
decentralize
uncomfortable
unpack
disagree
disconnect
inconvenient
impossible
irresponsible
illegitimate
non-interference
demobilize
例词
另外还有一些表示其他意思的前缀：
前缀
re-
mis-
co-
counter-
anti-
pro-
over-
under-
ex-
pre-
post-
fore-
self-
mal-
重新
错误地
共同
反
反（对）
，防
亲
过于
不够
前
预先，之前的
在
……
之后的
预先，前
自动，自我
不良的
意思
retell
misspell
co-exist
counteract
anti-tank
pro-French
overdo
underfeed
ex-husband
prefabricate
post-war
foretell
self-starter
maltreat
2
redesign
misinform
co-operate
counter-attack
anti-fascist
pro-British
over-esitimate
under-
estimate
ex-president
pre-
liberation
post-election
foreleg
self-service
malfunction
rewrite
misunderstand
co-editor
counter-revolutionary
anti-
clockwise
pro-Common Market
oversimplify
underpay
ex-serviceman
pre-school
post-graduate
forefront
self-correcting
malnutrition
例词
super-
sub-
inter-
tele-
trans-
pseudo-
arch-
micro-
mini-
hyper-
ultra-
semi-
vice-
uni-
mono-
bi-
tri-
multi-
poly-
auto-
neo-
超级，上层
下面的
之间的，互相
远距离的
跨越，移
伪，假
头号的，大的
微型，缩微
特小的
超，过分
外，极
半
副
单
单
双
三
多
多
白
新
superman
subway
international
telescope
transatlantic
pseudoclassicism
archbishop
microfilm
minibus
hypertension
ultra-violet
semi-circle
vice-premier
unicycle
monoplane
bicycle
tricycle
multi-racial
polygamy
automation
neo-Nazi
supermarket
subdivide
interact
telephone
transplant
pseudoscientific
arch-enemy
microbiology
miniskirt
hyperactive
ultra-left
semi-final
vice-chairman
unisex
monologue
bimonthly
triangle
multi-national
polysemy
autonomous
neo-classicism
superstructure
subconscious
inter-continental
television
trans-Siberian
pseudointellectual
archangel
microcomputer
minicab
hypersensitive
ultra-
conservative
semi-conductor
vice-president
unilateral
monosyllabic
bilingual
tripartite
multilateral
polytechnic
autobiography
neo-colonialism
有个别前缀可引起词类的变
化。
en-
可以和名词或形容词构成动词：
enslave
endanger
enpower
enrage
enlarge
be-
也可以和一些词构成动词：
belittle
bedim
befriend
behead
besmear
此外，前缀
a-
可以：
1
）和名词构成形容词或副词：
asleep
aboard
aside
ashore
abase
2
）和一动词构成另一动词，意思有少许变化：
arise
awake
arouse
abide
还有<
/p>
out-
可以和不及物动词构成及物动词：
outshine
outlive
outrun
outvote
outwit
也可构成名词如
outcome, outlet,
outlook, outlaw
等。
此外，还有一些次要的前缀。如
with-(
withdraw,
withhold),
hemi-
(hemisphere,
hemicycle),
sur-
(surcharge,
surtax),
centi-
(centimetre,
centigrade), milli-(millimetre,
milligram)
等
.
构词法—转化词
转换构词法
（
Conversion
）
就是由一个词类转换为另一词类或几种词类，
产生新的词义。
如：
water
（名）
水——
water
（动）
浇水
（一）
、转换为名词
1
、动词转换为名词
有大量动词可以转换为名词，这些
转换的名词一般表示原来的动作或状态，意思没有太大变化，如下面的划线词：
3
Let me have a
try.
我来试一试。
We
stopped there for a swim.
我们在那儿停下来游了一会儿泳。
This is for winter wear. Don't make it
to tight.
这是冬天穿的，别做的太紧。
I like a quiet read after supper.
晚饭后我喜欢静静地看一会儿书。
这类名词常可和一动词构成短语，表示一个动作，如：
have
a
look
(chat,
talk,
wash,
swim,
rest,
try,
quarrel,
smoke,
lie,
read,
dream,
run,
fight,
walk,
ride,
drink,
laugh, dance, bathe, wish, win, fear,
love, shave, debate, interview, taste, etc.)
make
a
study
(guess,
visit,
call,
survey,
jump,
slip,
change,
search,
stay,
start,
answer,
reply,
remark,
fight,
arrest, appeal, purchase, sacrifice,
demand, show, deal, an attempt, an attack, an
advance, etc.)
有时意思有一定的变化：
He was about the same build as his
brother.
他的体形和他哥哥差不多。
Last year's catch was four times that
of 1986.
去年的捕鱼量为
1986
< br>年的四倍。
This was a decisive
move.
这是一个决定性的步骤。
They can be used as stock feed.
它们可以用作牲口饲料。
Women
have an equal say in everything.
妇女在各方面都有同等的发言权。
He won two games; the other two were
draws.
他赢了两局，另外两局打平了。
2
、形容词转换为名词
部分形容词特别是表示颜色的形容词常可转换为名词；某些形容词如
old,
young, poor, rich, wounded, injured
等与
the
连用，
表示一类人，作主语时，谓语
用复数。
You should be dressed
in black at the funeral.
你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。
The
old in our village are living a happy life.
我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。
He didn't want to disturb the quiet
needed by patients.
他不愿打扰病人需要的安静环境。
He's a dear.
他是个招人喜欢的孩子。
Their
jobless total reached a record high since 1940.
他们的失业总人数达到
1940
年以来的最
高峰。
There is only one black
in my class.
我们班上只有一个黑人学生。
When is your French oral?
你什么时候上法语口语课？
She
is investigating the ancients' conception of the
universe.
她在研究古人对宇宙的概念。
He is a natural for the job.
他是一个天生适合干这工作的人。
It is necessary to make a distinction
between right and wrong.
必须分清是非。
They're
running in the final.
他们正在进行（赛跑的）决赛。
Our six-year-old is at school.
我们六岁的孩子在上学了
（二）
、转换为动词
1
、名词转换为动词。也有相当多名词可以用作动词。
①
许多表示物件的名词可以用作动词来表示动作：
Have you booked your ticket?
你的票订好了吗？
Who
chaired the meeting?
谁主持会议？
He pinned great hopes on us.
他对我们寄托了很大希望。
It
can seat a thousand people.
它能坐一千人。
We have
mapped out plans for their utilization.
我们制定了使用它们的计划。
It
pictures the life of overseas Chinese students.
它描绘海外中国留学生的生活。
By
noon he had bagged three hares.
到中午时他已捕获了三只野兔。
The machine bottles 5000 jars of cold
cream a day.
这台机器一天能装五千瓶冷霜。
The money was all pocked by corrupt
officials.
这钱都进了腐败官吏的腰包。
He hammered a nail into the wall.
他在墙上钉了一只钉子。
②
一些表示身体某部分的名词也可用来作动词：
Hand in your exercise-books, please.
请把练习本交上来。
We'll
back you up.
我们将作你们的后盾。
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