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A History of Native Art in Canada and North
America
A History of Native
Art in Canada and North America
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乡土艺术
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乡土艺术
Native Art
乡土艺术
A History of Native Art in Canada and
North America
一个在加拿大
和北美本土艺术史<
/p>
The story of the development
of native art in North America is complex and must
rely a great
deal on archaeological and
ethnographical evidence.
作者在北美本土艺术的发展故事是
复杂的，
必须依靠考古和民族学的证据很大。
The history of native art in Canada
began sometime during
the last ice age
although the earliest surviving artifacts...
在加拿大本土艺术史的某个时候开始，
在最后一个冰河时代，虽然最早的文物
... decorative and depictive carvings
from the Lower
Fraser Valley in British
Columbia...appear to date from only 5000 years ago
.
从装饰性和描述
性雕刻下在不列颠哥伦比亚省弗雷泽河谷
...
似乎只有日期由
5000
年以前。
The development
of native art may be divided into three distinct p
eriods:
对本地艺术的发展
可分为三个不同的时期：
prehistoric
art
史前艺术
contact
or
接触或
“
历史性
”
的艺术
contemporay native
art
本土的当代艺术
Ethnographers have shown that a correct
interpretation of the function and meaning of
Native artworks depends upon an
understanding and appreciation of the ways of
life,
aesthetic values and principles
of the peoples themselves.
人类学家已经表明，一个函数
的正确
解释和乡土艺术作品的意义时的理解和人生，审美价值和原则的人民自己的方式表
示赞赏而定。
Prehistoric Native
Art
史前本土艺术
Relative to the other periods, there is
little known about the prehistoric period of
native art
in North America.
相对于其他时期，很少有了解的北美本土艺术的史前时期。
The end of the
prehistoric
period varies from region to region across the con
tinent.
史前时期的结束因地区而
异整个非洲大陆。
For example in Canada, the
first contact with the French explorers in the
Maritimes and along the St. Lawrence
River took place in the 16th century, but
Europeans
didn't meet up with the First
Nations people living on the west coast until late
in the 18th
century.
对于在加拿大的例
子，在大西洋省份与法国探险家沿圣劳伦斯河第一次接触发生在
16
世纪的地
方，但不符合欧洲人与原住民生活在西海岸直到晚在人民行动
18
世纪。
Climatic and geographic conditions
don't allow for the survival of artworks made from
perishable materials like wood, fibre
or hide, so most prehistoric art has been lost.
气候和地
理条件不允许从材料如木头易腐艺术品生存，纤维或隐藏，所
以大多数史前艺术已丢失。
A major
exception has been rock art...paintings
in red ochre or carvings incised upon natural rock
surfaces.
一个主要的例外是岩石艺术
...
画红色赭石或切开后，自然岩石表面雕刻。
Yet there have
been some
important
discoveries.
然而，有一些重要的发现。
A tiny antler figurine, probably
4000 years, old gives evidence of the
beginnings of what would become historic northwest
coast art and a 5000 year old
petroglyph site in northwestern Ontario speaks of
the imagery
that is used by
contemporary artists.
小小的鹿茸雕像，大概
< br>4000
年，旧的起源提供了证据，什么
将成为西北海岸
的艺术和历史
5000
年安大略省西北部的古老岩石雕刻的网站
是由当代艺术家们用形象
说话。
The discovery and dating of prehistoric
artworks depends on painstaking excavation and
careful interpretation. Totem poles
were once thought to be the product of European
contact,
but its since been verifired
that they have had a continuous on-site
development dating
back at least 2500 y
ears.
约会的发现和艺术品史前取决于挖掘和认真细致的解释。图腾柱一度被认为<
/p>
是联系产品欧洲，但其被
verifired
他们曾连续在现场开发，至少可以追溯到
2500
年。
Like contemporary art,
prehistoric art has varied not only in genre,
style, function, imagery
and meaning
from region to region, but has undergone changes
from period to period.
像当
代艺术，
史前艺术各不相同，不仅在体裁，风格，功能，形象和区域意义的地区，而且经历了从时间变
化的时期。
Across North America
these changes accelerated around 1000BC when
pottery,
agriculture and settled
village life in the Eastern Woodlands made its imp
act.
北美各地约
1000BC
时，
这些陶器，农业和定居在东兀兰乡村生活作出了加速变化的影响。
There are several exceptional
occurrences of prehistoric art in Canada.
在加拿大有许多史前艺
术中的几个特殊事件。
The Marpole culture which existed from
approximately 500BC to 500 AD along the Fraser
River delta and the surrounding Gulf
Islands produced a plentiful variety of stone and
bone
carvings in the shape of
ceremonial bowls, effigies and utensils that are
distinct forerunners
of the style and
iconography of historic west coast native art.
从文化的马波尔约
500BC
至
500
沿菲沙河三角洲及周边海湾群岛广告对其存在制作的礼仪形状的石头雕刻
丰富的品种和骨碗，肖像和器
具属于不同的风格和意象的先行者历史悠久的西部沿岸的土
著艺术。
In southern Ontario the
precontact Iroquoian culture between 900 - 1600 AD
produced
highly technical and visually
appealing pottery that was decorated with
representational and
geometric designs.
在安大略省南部的
precontact
易洛魁文化之间
900 -
公元
1
600
年生产的高度技
术性和视觉吸引力的陶器，与代表和几何
图案装饰。
The same culture
produced clay and stone
effigy pipes of
fascinating shape and iconographic variety.
同样的文化生产粘土和各种迷人的形
状和肖像石头肖像管道。
< br>
The bowls and stems were carved in
high relief or incised with human
and
zoomorphic images (lizards, turtles and birds)
which are still powerful animals in the
iconography of Great Lakes religious ar
t.
碗和茎高浮雕或刻在人力和兽形图像（切蜥蜴，龟，鸟），
而后者仍然在大湖区的宗教艺术意象强大的动物。
Historic Native
Art
乡土艺术的历史
Because so many examples of postcontact
native art have been collected, sketched and
written about by explorers, traders,
missionaries, artists and scholars for more than
400
years, much is known of historic
native art.
由于
postcontact
本土艺术这么多的例子已经收集，
勾画和关注，探险家，商人，传教士，
艺术家和学者超过
400
年写的，许多是历史本土艺术闻名。<
/p>
The
distribution
and cultural character of Native groups in the
early contact period have resulted
in a
distorted view of the great depth, diversity and
richness of native art history.
的分布及
在早期接触期间乡土群体的文化性格也导致了大深度扭曲的观点，多样性和丰富的本土艺术史。<
/p>
Native Art in Canada can be
divided into seven regional subdivisions
在加拿大本土艺
术可分为
7
个区域分
支机构
The Eastern
Subarctic native art is probably the oldest in Can
ada.
东部亚寒带本土艺术可能是
加拿大历史最悠久的。
The majority of prehistoric
and early contact rock art sites are located
in this region of the Canadian shield.<
/p>
在史前和早期接触岩石艺术网站大部分都位于这一地区的加拿
大盾
牌。
The inhabitants - the
Ojibwa, Cree, Algonquin, Ottawa, Montagnais,
Naskapi,
M'qMak and the Maliseet - were
largely Algonquin speaking people who lived a
nomadic
lifestyle based on hunting,
fishing and the gathering of wild
foods.
居民
-
的奥吉布瓦，克里，
阿尔冈金，渥太华，蒙塔奈斯，纳斯卡皮，
M'qMak
和马利塞特
-
在很大程度上阿尔冈昆母语的人士谁
住一个游牧的生活方式的基础上狩猎，捕鱼和采集的野生食物。
In some cases the lifestyle
continued well into the 20th century.
在某些情况下，生活一直持续到
20
世纪。
The Western Subarctic
native art came from a region of environmental and
cultural
conditions similar to that
inhabited by the Cree in the eastern Subarctic,
but was produced
by Athapaskan speaking
peoples.
西部亚寒带本土艺术来自不同的环境和文化条件类似的地区由克
里居住在东部亚寒带的，
而是由人民产生
At
hapaskan
发言。
The
Dene Nation, as the Athapaskans
prefer
to be called, are linguistically distinct, but
share a comparable culture with their
eastern neighbours.
民族的代内，
作为
Athapaskans
宁愿被称为是语
言不同，
但都有一个与其东部邻
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