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存档编号
赣南师范学院学士学位论文
Cross-cultural Communication
In Interpretation
口译当中的跨文化交际
教学学院
外国语学院
届
别
2011
届
专
业
英语
学
号
070402270
姓
名
陈凯
指导老师
陈萍
完成日期
2010
年
12
月
日
Content
Abstract
………………………………………………………………………
………
...
2
Key words
…………………………………………………
……
....................................<
/p>
2
I
．
Brief
introduction of interpretation
………………………
………………………
.
3
1.1 What interpretation
means
………………………………………………………
3
1.2
Standards of
interpretation
………………………………………………………
3
1.3Culture contents in interpr
etation
……………………………………...
....
...........3
1.3.1 The common cultural
contents of etiquette
……………………………
..
……
.3
1.3.2
Basic content of unique
culture
……………………………………………...
4
II. Brief introduction to cross-
cultural communication
………………
……………
..5
2.1 What is cross-
cultural communication
…………………………………………<
/p>
...5
2.2 Different cognitive
behavior and cross-cultural
misunderstanding
……………
...5
III. Effects of cultural differences
between western world and China
……………
..
6
3.1
Geographical differences
………………………………………
…………………
6
3.2 Difference of
history in culture
…………………………………………………..
6
3.3 Differences of customs
in culture
………………………………………………
...6
3.4 Differences of
rel
igion
…………………………………………………………
...6
3.5 Difference of concept of
value…………………………………………………
...6
3.6 Differences in ways of thinking
…………………………………………………
.7
3.6.1 Indirect way and direct way of
expression and thinking
………………………
7
3.6.2
Westerners pay more attention to analyze, while
Chinese pay more attention
to overall
……………………………………………
7
3.7 Generally conclusion of difference
between western world and
China.................7
IV
. How to train cross-
cultural communication.
4.1 Read Bible<
/p>
………………………………………………………………………
..
8
4.1.1 What
?
s Bi
ble
…………………………………………………………………...
< br>.8
4.1.2 Why we need to learn Bible<
/p>
………………………………………
..............
......9
4.1.3 How to use Bible for
cross-cultural communication in
interpretation................9
4.2
Read some Chinese Classics
…………………………………
…………………..
9
4.3 Other
difficult in cross-cultural communication in
interpretation
………………
.9
4.3.1 Interpretation of proverb
< br>……………………………………………………………………
.10
4.3.2 Interpretation of idiom
…………………………………………………………
.10
V
．
Strategy of
urgent situation in interpretation
5.1
Three measures towards the situation of
ot understanding the source
language
………………………………………………
.1
1
5.2 Domestication and Foreignizing in
interpretation
………………………………
..
11
5.2.1 Domestication in interpretatio
n
………………………………………………
...11
5.2.2 Foreignizing in interpr
etation………………………………………………
.12
1
Abstract
As
we
all
know,
different
nationalities
have
different
cultures,
there
are
some
similarities
among
them,
but
also
some
differences.
There
are
connections
among
different
cultures,
but
also
have
unique
cultural
elements.
It
is
such
a
kind
of
common
link
provides
the
foundation
and
possibility
for
interpretation.
While
different
cultures
with
unique
characteristics
constitute
the
obstacle
for
cultural
exchange.
From
this
perspective,
the
difficulty
of
interpretation
means
the
difficulty
of
expression
of
cultural
background
knowledge and understanding.
Interpretation is clearly not just a spoken
language conversion
process, but also a
cultural communication, conversation and the
process of integration. There
is
a
significant
relationship
between
interpretation
and
cultural
factors,
background
knowledge
as
well
as
the
inherent
values.
And
meanwhile
interpretation
affected
their
influence and
limited by
them.
Therefore,
in order
to abide
and pursuit of
three
standards of
interpretation,
namely
accurate
and
fluent,
we
must
make
the
appropriate
cross-cultural
communication
training.
The
paper
focuses
on
how
to
train
cross-cultural
communication
skills
in
the
training
of
interpretation
to
meet
the
complete
needs
of
high-quality
interpretation.
Key
words:
interpretation,
cross-
cultural
communication,
the
common
ground
and
difference between Chinese culture and
western culture.
2
I.
Brief
introduction to interpretation.
1.1
What interpretation means
Interpretation,
essentially
,
means
an
extempore
oral
production,
in
one
language,
of
what
is
said
in
another
language.
To
this
may
be
added
the
following
two
points
of
clarification.
(1)
As
proved
by
practice,
interpretation
cannot
be
viewed
as
a
merely
linguistic
understanding,
but should be regarded as an aspect of a larger
domain namely, that
of
communication.
In
the
case
of
complex
discourses
or
speeches,
interpretation
involves not
only linguistic proficiency
, but also
encyclopedic knowledge.
(2)
A few words on the use of terms. In the
United Nations, the term
“
in
terpretation
”
，
when the
immediate result
is a speech reproduced orally
in a
language other than
that spoken by the original speaker.
1.2
Standards of
interpretation.
There
are
two
criteria
to
measure
the
merits
of
interpretation:
first,
accurate,
and
the
second
is
fluent.
First,
the
interpretation
must
be
accurate.
Accurate
is
the
soul
of
interpretation.
Accuracy
requires
interpreter
transforms
the
information
of
the
source
language
intact to the
target
language. Accurate target
language should be while
maintaining
the original
meaning of language and its style. Accurate
interpretation is not only a guarantee
of successful bilingual communication,
but also the demonstration of
interpreter?
s ethics and
professional standards
Fluency
is
the
other
major
standard
which
interpreter
must
follow,
if
accurate
is
the
basic requirement
also of
translation,
and then
the
fluent will
fully reflect
the characteristics
of
interpretation.
The
fluency
of
interpretation
including
the
speed
of
perception
and
translator parsing speed, and with the
encoding and expression of the target language
1.3Culture contents in
interpretation
Language is a
part of culture and therefore interpreting from
one language into another
cannot be
done
satisfactorily
without
adequate knowledge of
the two cultures
involved.
The
culture
factors
in
interpreting are
more
significant than
the purely
linguistic
differences.
The
most
serious
mistakes
in
interpreting are usually
made
not because of verbal
inadequacy
, but
of wrong cultural assumptions.
Therefore
in determine the
meaning of words or
idioms,
the
interpreter
must
not
only
look
at
the
systematic
contents
but
also
the
cultural
contexts,
for
“the
cultural contexts of
words are the keys to understanding the meaning of
texts.
”
(“A
study
on
NiDa
?
s translation theory,
2004)
1.3.1 The common cultural
contents of etiquette
The common culture
in
international
communication
is
mainly
showed
by
etiquette.
The
trend
of
development of international society,
on one hand is diversification; on the other hand,
on the other
hand,
with
the strengthening of
exchanges between countries
in the world, the world has shown an
unprecedented
unification
of
various
local
economic
union
and
the
strategic
partnership
relations,
such
as
the
European
Community,
the
Shanghai
summit,
APEC
and
other
international and
regional International organizations
also support
this
trend. Of
course,
in a
variety
of
international
exchanges
，
it
has
some
certain
codes
of
action,
in
which
the
most
direct
expression
of
these
is
the
performance
of
common
ritual
culture
faced
with
3
international organizations and
conferences in the public. Understanding of this
culture is the
basic
language
quality
of
interpreters.
Specifically,
the
contents
of
the
common
cultural
rituals
include the
following. First, behavior. In the
diplomatic context, behavior
has a
lot of
requirements. In the
international exchange activities, interpreters
should maintain reasonable
manner
towards behavior and attitudes,
since a successful
interpretation cannot only
include
high
level
language
without
reasonable
actions.
Highest
level
of
interpretation
should
be
noted that
the
audiences
have
no attention
to the existence of the
interpreter. In
addition, the
interpreter should also
be
fully aware of the details of
their standing position.
In
the
modern
international
conferences
and
meetings,
meeting
etiquette
is
commonly
used
in
hands
or
hugging,
interpreters,
in
their
own
way
of
understanding
the
uses
on
the
basis
of
which
inform their clients
of the ritual. Second,
Dress.
In the
international
exchange affairs,
it
has
different requirements of dressing on
the case of different occasions .For example, in
political
talks or
formal
business
meeting,
interpreter should wear suits;
in the tourism talks,
it can
be
relatively
free;
in the
multi-national
gathering of cultural exchange,
you can wear
your own
national costumes.
Third, standing Stations. In the
interpretation process, in addition to sitting
during
the
negotiation,
interpreters
need
to
stand
to
work.
Sometimes
they
also
need
to
participate in the gifts exchange or
dinner. When we participate in these activities,
interpreters
should pay attention to
the standing position.
This
is
very
important
in
interpretation; every
detail is related to the success of
interpretation.
1.3.2 Basic content of unique culture
Differences
of
culture
among
different
countries
or
ethnic
nations
mainly
include
the
religious culture, food
culture, physical culture, digital culture and so
on.
Religious culture. Different state
and nation believed in different religions.
Foreign
language learners and
interpreters should be more understanding of the
target country
?
s
religious belief and customs, in
particular, habits of certain taboos. For example,
in Islamic
countries and regions people
do not often remind pig and pork. In Thailand
children
?
s head
cannot be touched. If you do not
understand these, you not only can not communicate
well,
even in the exchange process will
you make conflicts
Food culture. Due
to religious differences
in
eating
habits,
food culture
in
the process
of
international
exchange
is
also
very
important,
for
example:
in
Islamic
countries
and
regions, people do not
eat pork and fish without scales, the Japanese do
not eat mutton, many
countries
in
east
Europe
don?t
eat
animal
organs,
guests
can
not
drink
in
Arab
countries.
Foreign
language
learners
learn
the
language
need
to
understand
the
eating
habits
of
the
target country.
Physical
culture.
When
talk
with
other
people,
we
generally
use
the
language,
voice
and body
language
three different
ways.
Research
has shown that 55%
of communication
is
through
body language, and 38% complete with sound, and
only 7% done with words, which
can
show
that
body
language
is
very
important
in
communication.
During
interpretation
process,
the
interpreters
need
to
pay
to
attention
t
appropriated
eyes
contract;
his
hands
should
not
put
into
the
pockets,
neither
can
we
cross
your
arms
across
chests .We
cannot
show
our
laziness
and
lock
of
spirit.
Besides
we
need
to
according
to
the
service
object
to
reading
the
body
language
of
exchanges.
This
one
is
particularly
worth
noting
that
in
4
different
country
, shrug, smile
have
different
meaning. Only by
fully
understanding the body
language of the target country can
interpreter get the meaning of both
sides.
II. Brief introduction to cross-
cultural communication
2.1 What is
cross-cultural communication?
Cross-cultural
communication
(also
frequently
referred
to
as
intercultural
communication,
which
is also used
in a
different sense, though)
is a
field of study that
looks
at
how
people
from
differing
cultural
backgrounds
communicate,
in
similar
and
different
ways among
themselves, and how they endeavor to communicate
across cultures.
It
has following characters
(1)
Communication must come from different
cultural backgrounds.
Difference
between
cultural
backgrounds
is
a
broad
concept;
it
not
only
refers
to
the
difference
between the different cultural circles, but
it
also refers
to
the same cultural
circle
within
the
sub-
culture
differences.
But
generally
speaking
cultural
differences
mainly refer to the difference between
the different cultural circles, especially in
China
and the western cultural.
(2)
Both parts of
communication must use the same language.
It
is obviously.
If one uses a language, while the other
uses
in a different
language,
communication
cannot be carried out.
(3)
Both sides of
the communication are real-time oral
communication.
The ways of cross-
cultural communication are various. It can be
language symbols
communication,
or
non-language
symbol
communication,
such
as
commercials,
pictorial, video, performance and so
on.
2.2 Different cognitive behavior
and cross-cultural misunderstanding
The difference of
human
cognitive behavior of all ethnic
groups
due to
the difference
of
cultural,
linguistic
and
cultural
environments.
This
is
one
of
the
deepest
reasons
which
caused cross-cultural
misunderstanding .Cognitive behavior
is a way of
viewing of
things. A
person's
cognitive
behavior
is
based
on
its
cultural
and
social
impact
of
the
formation
of
cognitive
schema.
And
under
this
circumstance
we
observe
and
judge
the
development
of
some
object
and
human
behavior.
Person's
behavior
or
developments
of
things
do
not
coincide
with
the
cognitive
schema,
the
evaluation
of
things
would
be
different,
and
then
misunderstandings
appear.
In
the
process
of
interpretation
training
and
in
the
interpretation
working,
we should try to avoid such cross-
cultural
misunderstandings. That
is why we
must
strengthened cross-cultural
communication skills training in the
interpretation training.
III. Effects of cultural differences
between western world and China.
3.1 Geographical differences
Geographical location is
different between Western countries and China,
which resulting in national
geography
and climate. These differences are
significantly
exist in
language, and it need all
interpreter
?
s
attention. For example, China is a
landlocked country, lying northwest towards to
southeast. So we always
say
“The
River flows
east
”
. While many European
countries are island, such as Britain. So they
always use
“from
sea to
sea
”
to express the meaning
of whole country
.
If we
just
interpret these
unique
cultural
5
connotation
of
the
idiom
in
simple
way.
It
will
let
other
people
cannot
understand
correct
meaning.
So
to
be
an
interpreter
you
should
know
well
about
the
Geographical
differences
among the different countries.
3.2 Difference of history
in culture.
China
is
a
feudal
rule
after
the
war's
long
history
of
civilization,
So
there
are
four great
inventions;
flames reaching
the sky;;
Everything
is
in place, tyranny
is fiercer than a tiger; character
bureaucratic side open, rational money do come in
phrases. Britain
has a
long
history of rule by the
Pope and the King and oppression, so
there
is
lion and
the
wolf; Kings
God, and the
people suffer
from
it
other phrases
3.3 Differences of customs in culture.
In a specific cultural
background of different ethnic groups, it will
forms different social
customs and
living
habits. Such as
in the greeting
area, when
Chinese
meet others, they
used
to ask: Have you eaten?
Where to go? And so on, that is a very easy-going,
friendly greeting,
which can not
interpreted as
“
Have you had
your meal?
”
Just simply
translated
“How are
yo
?,
Hello, or
talk about the weather.
”
If
someone died,
we often will comfort people and
say:
I
?
m sorry.
3.4 Differences of religion
Religious
culture
is
the
important
part
of
national
culture;
East
and
West
world
have
Different religions and beliefs. Most
of westerners are Christian, therefore there many
related
idioms
such
as
“God
helps
those
who
help
themselv
es”,
as
well
as
“
go
to
hell
”
.
When
westerners
fell
very
surprised
they
will
always
say
While
when
they
encountered
difficulties
or
danger
they
will
just
say
save
me
But
many
Chinese
people
deeply
influenced
by
Buddhism,
used
to
say,
Buddha
bless
me
”
and
so
on.
The
Bible
has
far-reaching
impact
in
the West, there
idioms come
from
the Bible, such as
eye,
cast
pearls
before
swine,
the
forbidden
fruit,
Jude?s
kiss
,
as
poor
as
a
church
mouse
penniless,
be
translated
as
school
because
Sunday
is
the
Christian
worship
Day.
So
in
interpretation practice, we should
fully
take
the
difference between different ethnic religious
into account; we cannot interpret with
its literally meaning.
3.5
Difference of concept of value.
Each
country has its own language expression of love
and hate, but
the expression is not the
same,
so
the
same
recognition
as
reflected
in
objective
things
knowledge
and
values
will
be
different.
Foe
example
can
reflect
the
differences
between
Chinese
and
Western
cultures.
“
Dragon
in Chinese
symbol
means
good
fortune, honor, dignity and power.
Chinese
idioms
are the
compliment on the dragon, such as
long
live tiger,
flamboyant
”,
and
so
on.
However,
in
the
Anglo-
American
and
other
Western
countries,
dragon
is
a
kind
of
dangerous
animals which can shoot out fire, it often
represents the evil, and it is terrifying. A
man
is
considered
as
a
dragon
in
English,
it
means
this
person
is
domineering,
nasty
derogatory. She is
like a dragon means this woman is she is a bitch.
Similarly,
the
attitude
towards
color
is
also
different .In
China,
red
is
a
symbol
of
justice,
such
as
the
Red
Army,
red-
faced
and
so
on.
While
white
is
negative,
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