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实用文档
母题八阅读理解（科普阅读）
<
/p>
【母题来源一】
【
2016
·北京】
【母题原题】
【
2016
·北京】
< br>C
California
Condor
’
s Shocking Recovery
California condors are North
America
’
s largest birds,
with wing-length of up to
3
meters.
In
the
1980s,
electrical
lines
and
lead
poisoning(
铅中毒
)
nearly
drove
them
to
dying
out.
Now,
electric
shock
training
and
medical
treatment
are
helping
to
rescue
these big birds.
In the late
1980s, the last few condors were taken from the
wild, and there are now
more than 150
flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah
and Baja in Mexico.
Electrical lines
have been killing them off.
“
As they go in to rest for
the night,
they just
don
’
t see the power
lines,
”
says Bruce Rideout
of San Diego Zoo. Their
wings
can
bridge
the
gap
between
lines,
resulting
in
electrocution(
电死
)
if
they
touch
two lines at once.
So
scientists
have
come
up
with
a
shocking
idea.
Tall
poles,
placed
in
large
training
areas, teach the
birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving
them a painful
but undeadly electric
shock. Before the training was introduced, 66% of
set-freed
condors died of
electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.
Lead poisonous has proved more
difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead
bodies
of
other
animals
containing
lead,
they
absorb
large
quantities
of
lead.
This
affects
their nervous
systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can
lead to kidney(
肾
)
failures and death. So condors with
high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo,
where
they
are
treated
with
calcium
EDTA,
a
chemical
that
removes
lead
from
the
blood
over
several days. This work is starting to pay off.
The annual death rate for adult
condors
has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.
Rideout
’
s team
thinks that the California
condors
’
average survival
time in the
实用文档
wild
is
now
just
under
eight
years.
“
Although
these
measures
are
not
effective
forever,
they are vital for
now,
”
he says.
“
They are truly good birds
that are worth every
effort we put into
recovering them.
”
rnia condors attract
researchers
’
interest
because they .
active at night
to be bred in the wild
found on in California
died out in the
1980s
chers have found electrical lines
are.
ng condors
’
journey home
B. big killers of
Califorbnia condoras
C. rest places for
condors at night
D. used to keep
condors away
ing to Paraghaph 5 ,lead
poisoning.
condors too nervous to fly
B. has little effect on
condors
’
kidneys
C. can hardly be gotten rid of form
condors
’
blood
D.
makes it different for condors to produce baby
birds
passage shows that .
average survival time of condors is satisfactory
t
’
s research
interest lies in electric engineering
efforts to protect condors have brought good
results
chers have found the final
answers to the problem
【答案】
63.D64.B65.D66.C
实用文档
故选
D
。
<
/p>
64.B
细节理解题。
根据第三段
“
Electrical
lines
have
been
killing
them
off...Their
wings
can
bridge
the
gap
between
lines,
resulting
in
electrocution(
电死
)
if
they
touch
two
lines at once.
”可知，神鹰不知道停在电线上会触电身亡，它们经常停在电线上休息，结
果，很多被
电死了，故选
B
。
考点：环保类短文阅读
【名师点睛】
推理判断题属于主观题
，是层次较高的题目。它包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依
存，推理是为了作出
正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。此类题要求在理解
表面文字的基础上
，作出判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意思和深层意思，也就是通过文
章中的文字信息
、上下文的逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接
表达的态度和
观点。
推理判断题的解题方法
：
推理判断题不仅要求考生读懂文章
中的每个句子的意思还要推理它们之间的关系，结合自己
的生活常识和经验，再通过逻辑
推理和判断，理解文章的言外之意，从而揭示文章的深层涵
义。
任何一篇文章都有其特定的写作目的，读者需要知道如何去做或按照某种方式思考问题。
推
实用文档
理判断题的答案不可能在文
章中直接找到，因此推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找
并确定可推论的依据，即
：已知部分－推论的前提，从中推测出未知部分－推理的结论，切
忌妄加评论，把自己的
观点当成作者的观点。
【母题来源二】
【
2016
·江苏】
【母题原题】
【
2016
·江苏】
B
Chimps(
黑猩猩
) will cooperate
in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to
protect their territory. But beyond the
minimum requirements as social beings, they
have little instinct
(
本能
) to help one another.
Chimps in the wild seek food for
themselves. Even chimp mothers
regularly decline to share food with their
children.
Who are able from a young age
to gather their own food.
In the
laboratory, chimps don
’
t
naturally share food either. If a chimp is put
in
a
cage
where
he
can
pull
in
one
plate
of
food
for
himself
or,
with
no
great
effort,
a
plate
that
also
provides
food
for
a
neighbor
to
the
next
cage,
he
will
pull
at
random
---he
just
doesn
’
t
care
whether
his
neighbor
gets
fed
or
not.
Chimps
are
truly
selfish.
Human children, on
the other hand are extremely corporative. From the
earliest
ages,
they
decide
to
help
others,
to
share
information
and
to
participate
a
achieving
common goals. The
psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this
cooperativeness
in a series of
expensive with very young children. He finds that
if babies aged 18
months see an worried
adult with hands full trying to open a door,
almost all will
immediately try to
help.
There are several reasons to
believe that the urges to help, inform and share
are
not
taught
.but
naturally
possessed
in
young
children.
One
is
that
these
instincts
appear
at
a
very
young
age
before
most
parents
have
started
to
train
children
to
behave
socially. Another is
that the helping behaviors
are not
improved if
the
children
are
rewarded.
A
third
reason
is
that
social
ps
in
children
before
their
general
cognitive
（认知的）
skills,at
least
when
compared
with
chimps..In
tests
conducted
by
Tomtas
ell,
the
children
did
no
better
than
the
chimps
on
the
physical
worl
d
tests,
but
were
considerably
better
at
understanding
the
social
worl
实用文档
d
The cure of what
children
’
s minds have and
chimps
’
don
’
t in what Tomasello
calls
what.
Part
of
this
ability
is
that
they
can
infer
what
others
know
or
are
thinking.
But
that,
even
very
young
children
want
to
be
part
of
a
shared
purpose.
They
actively
seek to be part of a
“
we
”
,
a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.
58. What can we learn from the
experiment with chimps?
A. Chimps
seldom care about others
’
interests.
B. Chimps tend to provide
food for their children.
C. Chimps like
to take in their neighbors
’
food.
D. Chimps naturally share food
with each other.
59. Michael
Tomasello
’
s tests on young
children indicate that they____.
A.
have the instinct to help others
B.
know how to offer help to adults
C.
know the world better than chimps
D.
trust adults with their hands full
60.
The passage is mainly about ____.
A.
the helping behaviors of young children
B. ways to train
children
’
s shared
intentionality
C. cooperation as a
distinctive human nature
D. the
development of intelligence in children
【答案】
58.A 59.A 60.C
59.A
推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句
He finds that
if babies aged 18 months see an
实用文档
worried adult with hands full trying to
open a door, almost all will immediately try
to
help.
和第四段第一句
There are
several reasons to believe that the urges to help,
inform and share are not taught .but
naturally possessed in young children.
可
知只
有
18
个月的孩子就知道去帮助他
人，而且帮助他人的做法并不是父母亲教的，属于人类的本
能。故
A
项正确。
60.C
主旨大意题。本文属于科普说明文，作者从猩猩的自私行为导入到人类无私帮助他人的
本能，分析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能天性的原因。
ABD
都属于文章的部分
内容，并非中心思想。故
C
项正确。
【名师点睛】
本文属于主旨大意题。
本文使用了正方形写作法。即中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的
主题句。阅读这样的
文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推
导出文章的主旨。
分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻
辑上有什么联系
，然后加以归纳形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。注意总结性的提示词
和转折词，特
别要注意中心句。
（自然段少的文章中心句不很明显。自然段多的文章，则比较
好联系中心句，找一个和中心句最贴近的选项）
，文章段落的中间部分则
可采用略读或扫读的
方式，一则省时间，二则目标明确，正确率自然也相应提高了。掌握
了找主题句或中心句的
方法，就可以依据主题句或中心句归纳主题。
考生要特别注意：
首段陷阱<
/p>
。
即首段虽然貌似主题句或中心句，但却没有完整概括文章全
意，或只片面地说到文章的某一个层次，或者是作者设置的几个需要读者判定的文意。这样<
/p>
的信息用来做主题句或中心句就会落入陷阱。以本文为例：本文的第一段只是一个导入的段
落，从第一段中猩猩的自私行为导入到第三段中人类无私帮助他人的本能，分析了人类愿
意
帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能天性的原因。
考点：考查科普说明文阅读
【命题意图】
阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，
具体地说，就是
通过阅读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。
【考试方向】
阅读理解所选的语段包括叙述文、说明文、应用文和议
论文，继续保持了
体裁的多样化特点。选材多源于英文报刊和网络媒体，包括广告应用文
、日常生活、新闻报
道、社会背景、政治经济、科普文章等各个方面的知识，并且具有鲜
明的英语语言文化特点
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