老托词长难句

1-5

1.

Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth

century,

the

knowledge

of

the

physics

of

heat,

which

was

essential

to

a

science

of

refrigeration, was rudimentary.

2.

The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from meltin g

was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.

3.

But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right

track.

4.

Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by

wind over the continents.

5.

Precipitated onto the ground, the water

trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers,

constituting what are called the hydrographic network.

6.

The

rate

at

which

a

molecule

of

water

passes

though

the

cycle

is

not

random

but

is

a

measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs.

7.

Others depended primarily on coiling ?

? a process in which a continuous coil of stiff material

is held in the desired shape with tight wrapping of flexible strands.

8.

One of the results of the conflict between the two factions was that what in previous years

had been referred to as the

。

9.

The

Academicians

at

whom

it

was

aimed

had

worked

and

socialized

in

New

York,

the

Hudson's port city, and had painted the river and its shores with varying frequency.

10.

Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of

technique and composition consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist,

Thomas

Cole,

who

built

a

career

painting

the

Catskill

Mountain

scenery

bordering

the

Hudson River.

11.

A

possible

implication

in

the

term

applied

to

the

group

of

landscapists

was

that

many

of

them had, like Cole, lived on or near the banks of the Hudson.

12.

Perhaps the most obvious way artistic creation reflects how people live is by mirroring the

environment.

13.

In addition to revealing the primary concerns of a society, the content of that society's art

may also reflect the culture's social stratification.

6-10

1.

In

North

America,

potash

making

quickly

became

an

adjunct

to

the

clearing

of

land

for

agriculture,

for

it

was

estimated

that

as

much

as

half

the

cost

of

clearing

land

could

be

recovered by the sale of potash.

2.

Along

with

market

days,

the

institution

of

twice-yearly

fairs

persisted

in

Philadelphia

even

after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities.

3.

Although

governmental

attempts

to

eradicate

fairs

and auctions

were

less

than

successful,

the

ordinary

course

of

economic

development

was

on

the

merchants'

side,

as

increasing

business specialization became the order of the day.

4.

One

of

the

reasons

Philadelphia's

merchants

generally

prospered

was

because

the

surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth.

5.

Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony

came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of

the courts of justice.

6.

The

canopy,

the

upper

level

of

the

trees

in

the

rain

forest,

holds

a

plethora

of

climbing

mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, and porcupines.

Smaller

species,

including

such

rodents

as

mice

and

small

squirrels,

are

not

as

prevalent

overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally.

7.

Small

mammals,

being

warm

blooded,

suffer

hardship

in

the

exposed

and

turbulent

environment of the uppermost trees.

8.

Walking or leaping species of a similar or even

larger size access the outer twigs either by

snapping off and retrieving the whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or

tail and plucking food with their hands.

9.

The forward movement of a small animal is seriously reduced by the air friction against the

relatively large surface area of its body.

10.

These

tar

pits

have

been

known

for

centuries

and

were

formerly

mined

for

their

natural

asphalt, a black or brown petroleum-like substance.

11.

Major excavations were undertaken that established the significance of this remarkable site.

12.

The

fact

that

some

bones

are

heavily

weathered

shows

that

some

bodies

remained

above

the surface for weeks or months.

13.

It is clear that at some stage of history, humans began to carry their food to central places,

called home bases, where it was shared and consumed with the young and other adults.

14.

Home

base

behavior

does

not

occur

among

nonhuman

primates

and

is

rare

among

mammals.

15.

One innovative approach to these issues involves studying damage and wear on stone tools.

16.

The first application of this method of analysis to stone tools that are 1.5 million to 2 million

years

old

indicates

that,

from

the

start,

an

important

function

of

early

stone

tools

was

to

extract highly nutritious food ?

? meat and marrow ?

? from large animal carcasses.

17.

Fossil bones with cut marks caused by stone tools have been discovered lying in the same

2-million- year-old layers that yielded the oldest such tools and the oldest hominid specimens

(including humans) with larger than ape-sized brains.