环境微生物学(名词解释)

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名词解释（英

?

英）

（

20

取

10

）

1.

Microorganism

The

word

microbe

(microorganism)

is

used

to

describe

an

organism

that

is

so

small

that,

normally,

it

cannot

be

seen

without

the

use

of

a

microscope.

Viruses,

bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some algae are all included in this category.

2.

Coliform group

The

Coliforms

are

defined

as

facultatively

anaerobic,

gram-negative,

nonspore- forming, rod-shaped Bacteria that ferment lactose with gas formation within

24

hours

at

37

℃

.

The

Coliform

group

includes

the

organism

Escherichia

coli,

Citrobacter, Klebsialla pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes.

3.

Activated sludge

Activated

sludge:

it

is

consisted

of

many

kinds

of

aerobic

microbe,

facultative

microbe and other inorganic matter. It is also known as the bacteria rich floc.

4.

Biodegradability

Biodegradability refers to the transformation performance from macromolecular

organisms to small molecule compounds with the help of microorganisms.

5.

Bioremediation

Bioremediation

is

a

treatment

process

that

uses

naturally

occurring

microorganisms

to

degrade

hazardous

substances

into

less

toxic

or

nontoxic

substances.

6.

Eutrophication

Eutrophication

is

a

process

whereby

water

bodies,

such

as

lakes,

estuaries,

or

slow-moving

streams

receive

excess

nutrients

that

stimulate

excessive

plant

growth

(algae, plankton).

7.

Spore

Certain

species

of

bacteria

produce

special

structure

called

endospores(

内生孢

子

).

They

are

very

resistant

to

heat

and

can

not

be

destroyed

easily,

even

by

harsh

chemicals.

Endospores

are

also

resistant

to

other

harmful

agents

such

as

drying,

radiation, acids and chemical disinfectants(

化学消毒剂

).

8.

Climax

Succession

ends

when

a

relatively

stable

assemblage

of

populations,

called

climax community.

9.

Growth curve of bacteria

If the liquid medium supplies all nutrients required for growth and environmental

parameters are optimal, the increase in numbers of bacterial mass can be measured as

a

function

of

time

to

obtain

a

growth

curve.

Several

distinct

growth

phases

can

be

observed

within

a

growth

curve.

These

include

the

lag

phase,

the

log

phase,

the

stationary phase and the death phase.

10.

Continuous culture

Continuous culture is a system that is designed for long term operation because it

is an open system with a continuous feed of influent that contains nutrients solution

and

substrate,

as

well

as

a

continuous

drain

of

effluent

solution

that

contain

cells,

metabolites, waste products and any unused nutrients and substrate.

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11.

Genetic recombination

Genetic recombination is the process by which genetic elements contained in two

separate genomes are brought together in one unit.

This mechanism may enable the organism to carry out some new functions and

result in adaptation to changing environments.

Genetic recombination usually involves much larger changes. Entire genes, sets

of genes, or even whole chromosomes, are transferred between organisms.

12.

Transformation

Transformation

is

the

uptake

by

a

cell

of

a

naked

DNA

molecule

or

fragment

from

the

medium

and

the

incorporation

of

this

molecule

into

the

recipient

chromosome in a heritable form.

13.

Nutrient

Substances used in biosynthesis and energy production and therefore are required

for microbial growth.

14.

Culture media

Culture media are needed to grow microorganisms in the laboratory and to carry

out specialized procedures like microbial identification(

微生物鉴定

), water and food

analysis, and the isolation of particular microorganisms(

特定微生物的分离

). A wide

variety of media is available for these and other purposes.

15.

Respiration

Respiration is an energy-yielding process in which the acceptor is an inorganic

molecule, either oxygen.

16.

Fermentation

Fermentation

may

be

defined

as

an

energy-yielding

process

in

which

organic

molecules serve as both electron donors and acceptors.

17.

Anaerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration is the process of ATP production by electron transport in

which

the

terminal

electron

acceptor

is

an

exogenous,

oxidized

inorganic

molecule

other than O

2

. The most common acceptors are nitrate, sulfate, and CO

2

.

18.

Feedback inhibition

The end product of the pathway often inhibits this regulatory enzyme(

调节酶

), a

process

known

as

feedback

inhibition(

反馈抑制

).

Feedback

inhibition

ensures

balanced

production

of

a

pathway

end

product.

If

the

end

product

becomes

too

concentrated,

it

inhibits

the

regulatory

enzyme

and

slows

its

own

synthesis.

As

the

end

product

concentration

decreases,

pathway

feedback

inhibition

automatically

matches end product supply with the demand.

19.

Viruses

Viruses are defined as small, Obligate(

专性自养

), intracellular parasites(

胞内寄

生

),

meaning

that

they

require

a

host

cell

for

their

growth

and

replication(

复制

).

Although

viruses

can

survive

outside

a

host(

宿主

),

their

numbers

cannot

increase

without a host.

20.

Lysogeny

Some

phages

can

incorporate(

结合

)

their

DNA

into

the

host

cell

’

s

DNA.

The

phage remains latent(

潜在的

) and does not cause lysis of the host cell. Such a state is