概要写作--分类讲解

1.

如与前文内容重复，可不写入概要

2.

本部分可能不出现在文本中

【概要写作步骤】

①

根据此类文章的基本结构，将文本分为三个部分。

②

圈划各个部分的内容要点。

③

撰写概要。概要由以下三个部分组成：

文本中的具体例子和数据不需要写入概要，

但总结性的展开说明则需要

说明

第一部分：现象具体表现的关键信息。

第二部分：现象的分析或说明等主题句及支持性细节的关键信 息。

第三部分（如有）：文本所提供的影响、评论等其他信息。

④

用精炼的语言连接、润色每个部分。

⑤

认真检查。自检标准：现象的具体 表现，以及围绕其进行分析、评论的主题句与支持性细节的关

键词句。

< br>

【例题解析】

Gene Therapy

“We used to think

that

our fate was in our

stars,

but now we know that, in large measure, our fate is in our genes,” said James Watson. Watson

is

a

molecular

(

分子的）

biologist

and

co-discoverer

of

DNA

structure.

Why

Scientists

are

seeing

that gene therapy is

revolutionizing the treatment of disease

.

In

gene

therapy,

healthy

genes

are

introduced

into

d efective(

有缺陷的）

cells to prevent or cure disease.

While much of the research is

in the

beginning stages

, some successes point to the real

benefit

of the therapy. In Italy, doctors

have recently

treated one genetic disease with gene therapy

. This disease most often begins to

destroy the brain when

children

are between 1 and 2, stopping them from walking and talking.

By inserting normal, healthy genetic material into a virus and then infecting the patients,

scientists seem to be able to cure the disease

. Although the children given the therapy still

need follow-up treatments, they now lead a relatively normal life.

Gene

therapy

has

also

been

used

to

help

older

patients

.

These

people

suffer

from

a

disease

that

causes

slow

movement

and

uncontrollable

shaking

because part of the brain dies. Those treated with gene therapy showed a percent

improvement

when tested six months later.

Gene

therapy

appears

to

be

a

more

positive

alternative

to

surgery

or

medicine

and

is

an

exciting

new

approach

that

is

just

making

the

news.

Researchers hope that in the coming years, every genetic disease will have gene therapy as its

treatment. But

more research is needed to assure its safety

.

Possible version of the summary:

Gene therapy, intended to prevent or cure disease by inserting healthy genes into faulty

cells,

is

changing

the

treatment

of

disease

revolutionarily.

Though

still

in

the

initial

phases,

gene theory has benefited both children and older patients with genetic disease by improving

their conditions. However, more research should be done to ensure it

’

s safe. (54 words)

2

）因果关系型

【文本分析】

该类型文章主要说明某 一现象产生的原因。此类文章的典型结构及内容要点见下表：

第一部分

文本结构

呈现

内容要点

1.

现象的具体表现

2.

引出“原因”

第二部分

原因

1.

主题句

2.

展开说明支持性细节，如原因、方式、影响等

第三部分

总结

对全文内容的总结

本部分可能不出现在文本中

说明

一般两到三个原因，

并具体展开

【概要写作步骤】

①

根据此类文章的基本结构，将文本分为两到三个部分。

②

圈划各个部分的内容要点。

③

撰写概要。概要由以下三个部分组成：

第一部分：现象的具体表现，以及引出“原因”的关键信息；

第二部分：每个原因的主题句与支持性细节的关键词；

第三部分（如有）：总结部分的关键词。

④

用精炼的语言连接、润色每个部分。

⑤

认真检查。自检标准：每个部分的 主题句，以及每个原因的主题句与展开说明。

【例题解析

1

】

Shyness

If

you

suffer

from

shyness,

you

are

not

alone,

for

shyness

is

a

universal

phenomenon

. It is

not

surprising that social scientists

are

exploring its

environmental

causes

.

The

first

environmental

cause

of

shyness

many

be

a

child

’

s

home

and

family

life

.

Today

’

s

children

are

growing

up

in

smaller

and

smaller

families

,

with

fewer

and

fewer

relatives

living

nearby. Growing up in homes in which both

parents work full time,

children may

not

have the

socializing experience

of frequent visits by neighbours and friends. Because of

their lack of

social skills

,

they may begin to feel shy when they start school.

A

second

environmental

cause

of

shyness

in

an

individual

may

be

one

’

s

culture

.

In

a

large

study conducted in Japan,

55 percent participants rated themselves as shy. Researchers Lynne

Henderson

and

Philip Zimbardo say,,

“

One

expectation

is

that

in

Japan,

an

individual

’

s

performance

success

is

credited

externally

to

parents,

grandparents,

teachers,

coaches,

and

others

,

while

failure

is

entirely

blamed

on

the person

.

”

Therefore,

Japanese learn

not

to take risks in public

and rely instead on

group-shared decisions.

Technology may play a role as well

. In the United States,

the number of young people who

report being shy has risen

from

40 percent to 50 percent in recent years. Due to our huge

advances in technology,

watching television,

playing video games,

and surfing the Web

have

replaced

recreational

activities

that

involve

social

interaction

for

many

young

people.

Adults,

too,

are

becoming

more

isolated

as

a

result

of

technology.

Face-to-face

interactions

with

bank

tellers,

gas

station

attendants,

and

store

clerks

are

no

longer

necessary

because

people

can

use

machines

to

do

their

banking,

fill

their

gas

tanks,

and

order

goods.

In

short,

they become shy.

It

appears

that

most

people

have

experienced

shyness

at

some

time

in

their

lives.

Therefore,

if

you

are

shy,

you

have lots of company.

Possible version of the summary:

Shyness

is

common

and

it

has

environmental

causes,

including

home

and

family

life,

culture and technology. Firstly,

with smaller families and working patents,

children

lack

social

interactions.

Secondly,

blaming

failure

on

individuals

causes

people

in

some

culture

to

be

shy

in

public.

Finally,

with

the

development

of

technology,

people

have

fewer

opportunities to socialize in person. (56)

【例题解析

】

Learning by Rote in the Digital Age

Rote learning

has become seen as an outdated method of teaching. The dictionary defines

learning

“

by rote

”

as

“

from

memory,

without thought of the meaning,

in a mechanic way

.

”

The decline of rote learning has been quickened by technology

. No one needs to memorize

friends

’

phone

numbers

or

email

addresses

because

such

data

is

conveniently

stored

and

accessible

electronically. And why remember when and where World War II broke out when

you

can find the

answer on the internet in about six seconds

But now there

are

voices for a need to return to

rote learning

.

In fact,

memorizing key data

is essential to learning

any skills. Doctoring requires

knowledge

of

medicine

and

layering

requires

knowledge

of

cases

and

laws.

Of

course,

being

able

to

recall

things

will

not

further

your

understanding

of

those

things,

but

without

memorizing

these foundation elements,

you

cannot progress to a deeper understanding of a subject.

While

the internet and computers

have weakened the need for us to remember things,

it may

well be that

mobile learning

can help can help bring style of learning back to life by

making

it more convenient and more fun

.

Drilling

yourself----with

flashcards

or

by

repetition----

is

usually

hard

and

boring

work,

which is why most people need their multiplication tables to be drilled into them by

teachers or parents. Rote learning without a willing third party can be a battle of discipline

and motivation. But mobile learning can make those flashcards and drills

more appropriate to

individual

study

;

our

digital

devices

can

challenge

and

inform

us

at

the

same

time

and

also

keep

us

motivated

,

whether

through

game-like

structures

or

recording

our

progress.

Once

yo u

?

6

?

8r e

acquired the essentials of a subject by rote learning,

you

will

find it easier to go deeper

in the application of knowledge which is important. (303 words)

Possible version of the summary:

Rote

learning

means

mechanical

memorization.

Although

technology

makes

it

less

needed,

its

value is being rediscovered. Rote learning helps people acquire basic knowledge,

laying a

foundation

for

further

understanding.

In

fact,

technology

makes

mobile

learning

possible,

which motivates learning in rote learning and makes memorization more interesting