交通工程专业英语翻译(全).

and

low

cost

transport

．

The

search

for

appropriate

technologies

was

relatively

un constrained

．

There were times in human history when the demand for reliable and fast transport

was

especially

pronounced

，

and

quick

solutions

were

required

for

national

self-defense.

During

such

periods

of

local

and

international

conflict,

human

ingenuity

devised

new

transport

technologies

which

often

proved

to

be

the

decisive

element

for

survival,

and

sometimes

victory.

Subsequently

refined

and

developed,

such

new

technologies

made

it

possible

to

better

meet

increasing transport demand, thus improving both economic progress and human welfare.

显然符合运输的首要准则是效率。

几百年来 ，

特别是在本地经济的起飞阶段期间，

社会需要快速、

可

靠、

快速的运

输需求，并快速解决方案所需的国家自 卫。在这样的地方和国际冲突的时期人类智慧制定新运输技术往往

证明的生存空间，有时 胜利的决定性因素。随后改进和发展，这种新技术使能够更好地满足日益增加的交

通需求 ，从而提高经济进步和人类福祉。

The need for better strategic mobility induced efforts to improve sea and land transport. This

resulted

in

bigger

and

faster

ships

and

more

reliable

and

sturdy

land

vehicles.

Eventually,

self-propulsion was introduced, exemplified by steamboats, the railways, and then the automobile.

Research

and

development

in

the

transport

field

finally

became

an

organized

undertaking

with

specific goals and objectives. As the result of the consequent concentration of talent and expertise,

more and more sophisticated transport technologies evolved, such as the aircraft and, most recently,

rocket propulsion.

这导致更大、

更快的船舶和更可靠和坚固的陆地

车辆。最终， 自航引入，蒸汽机船、

铁路和汽车的例子。在运输领域研发终 于成为组织的承诺与特定的

目标。作为随后浓度的人才及专业知识的结果，更多先进的传 输技术如飞机和，最近，火箭推进发展。

The gradual evolution of increasingly sophisticated means of transport is manifested by today'

s transport systems, which include air, surface, and water transport. Special industry needs have led

to

the

development

of

transport

modes

that

have

rather

limited

applications,

such

as

pipelines,

cables,

and

belts.

Within

current

societal

needs

and

preferences,

as

well

as

the

economic

requirements

of

cost

effectiveness,

the

various

existing

transport

modes

generally

fulfill

rather

specific functions.

今天的表现是逐渐演化的日益复杂的交通工具

' s

运输系统，其中包括空中、

地面、

和海上运输。

而是有限的应用程序如管道、

电缆和带的交通工具的 发展导致特殊行业的需要。当前社会的需要和喜好，

以及成本效益的经济上的要求，在现 有的各种运输模式普遍达到而是特定的功能。

Although transport's potential to meet effectively numerous societal mobility needs improved

continuously,

it

became

evident

that

such

effectiveness

had

its

price.

A

number

of

transport

technologies implied high energy consumption and required substantial capital inputs in production

and operation. As a result, several transport modes became expensive to the user. This caused equity

problems because charges required to cover operating costs were not affordable by all population

groups, thus limiting their mobility and welfare. Many governments chose to subsidize transport,

but quickly realized that the budget implications often

caused serious distortions in their national

economies.

虽然运输的潜力以满足有效众多社会流 动性需要不断改善，很明显这种有效性了它的价格。运输技

术的一些暗示能耗高，所需大 量资金投入生产和经营。因此，几个交通工具变得昂贵给用户。这造成了股

权问题，因为 业务费用所需的费用不是负担得起的所有人口群体，从而限制了他们的流动性和福利。许多

国家的政府补贴交通工具，选择了，但很快意识到，所涉预算问题经常在自己国家的经济造成严重扭曲。

Pollution

caused

by

various

transport

modes

gradually

became

another

serious

problem

as

world transport in most countries and the need to cope with rising volumes of commodity flows and

person travel. In several regions of the world having high population and industry concentrations,

such

detrimental

impacts

on

the

environment

have

reached

high

levels.

These

effects

of

such

damage yet are to be fully explored.

逐渐引起各种交通工具的污染成了另一个严重的问题，作为世界交通在大多数国家和应付日益 增加

的商品流动和人旅行的需要。过高的人口和产业的浓度在世界一些地区，这种对环境 的不利影响已达到高

水平。这种损害的这些影响还很充分探讨。

Finally, problems caused by dwindling world energy resources, particularly petroleum, have

increasingly impeded transport services and operations. Most existing transport modes are critically

dependent

on petroleum derivatives

for proper functioning. With unabated growth of demand for

transport

and

a

progressively

limited

supply

of

energy,

the

costs

of

providing

transport

have

increased steadily. In particular, the disproportion of petroleum requirements and petroleum supply

has

caused

serious

inflationary

problems

to

arise

in

many

countries.

Especially

hard

hit

are

countries

with

a

partial

or

total

dependence

on

an

external

petroleum

supply,

which

have

experienced growing deficits in their current accounts.

最后，特别是石油、

世界能源资源日 益减少，所引起的问题越来越多地阻碍了交通服务和操作。大

多数现有交通工具都依赖石 油衍生品的正常运作。对交通的需求有增无减，逐步有限的能源供应提供运输

的费用稳步 增加。特别是石油需求和石油供应的非均衡性，引起严重的通胀问题在许多国家中出现。打击

尤其是部分或全部依赖外部的石油供应，经历了它们的经常账户赤字不断增长的国家。

The

transport

sector'

s

increasing

inability

to

satisfy

demand

efficiently

and

equitably

is

a

problem

with

which

all nations

have

to

cope

in

trying

to

advance

economic

and

social

progress.

Energy-supply constraints, high capital and operating costs, often with excessive foreign-exchange

components, and the seriousness of transport-related environmental pollution account in large part

for

this

problem.

But

transport

is

and

will

continue

to

be

an

essential

requirement

for

world

development

and

human

welfare.

There

is

no

other

choice

but

to

look

for

alternatives

to

present

transport systems or to modify the technical and operational characteristics of related modes so that

energy

consumption

and

costs

wil1

be

reduced

and

environmental

impacts

can

be

kept

at

a

minimum. Obviously, the development of transport demand will have to be controlled.

运输部门越来越无法满足需求，有效和公平地是，所有国家都必须应付在试图推动经济发展和社会

进步的一个问题。能源供应约束、

较高的资本和经营 成本，往往与过度外汇组件和运输有关环境污染帐

户在很大程度上对这一问题的严重性。 但运输是并将继续是世界的发展和人类福利的基本要求。有没有别

的选择，但寻找替代目 前的运输系统，或修改相关模式的技术和业务特点，使能源消耗及成本失败会减少

和环境 的影响可以保持在最低限度。很明显，发展的运输需求将不得不加以控制。

Unit2

当在美国的方案最初是 由移动

2000

构思超过

10