Unit 4

Unit 4

PART II FOCUS

Reference for the Classroom Activities

1.

a. Freedom.

b. A reluctance to work steadily

—

Because she was reluctant to work steadily, she

was unprepared for the presentation on Monday.

c. The horror of the movie

–

I was so frightened by the movie that I did not sleep

for three nights.

d. A great deal of learning

–

I learned a great deal in my chemistry class.

e.

The

intelligence

necessary

to

understand

this

concept

–

Few

people

are

intelligent enough to understand this concept.

f. The embarrassment

–

I was too embarrassed to speak.

Position of the subject

Reference for the Classroom Activities

1.

a.

Rod

missed

the

fun

of

college

by

making

chemistry

his

sole

activity

and

participating in no other extracurricular activities.

b. Cayenne is used freely by Mexican cooks because it adds spice to their sauces

and provides color as well.

c. The neighborhood was terrorized by the dog which barked up the wrong tree

and defended an enormous territory not his own.

d. Patty began apartment hunting by paging through the classified ads and making

large circles here and there.

2.

Like a bird that seeketh its mother

’

s nest;

And a mother she was, and is, to me

…

-- Brian Waller Procter,

―

The Sea

‖

To emphasize

―

a mother

‖

Down in a green and shady bed

A modest violet grew;

Its stalk was bent; it hung its head,

As if to hide from view.

-- James Taylor,

―

The Violet

‖

To emphasize

―

down in a green and shady bed

‖

A treacherous fellow is the Shark.

He never makes the least remark.

--Alfred Douglas,

‖

The Shark

‖

To emphasize

―

a treacherous fellow

‖

and to achieve the rhyme

Voice

Choosing the active voice

Reference for the Classroom Activities

a.

The luxury liner rammed into the huge iceberg.

b.

Ferrari ran a good race.

c.

The amateur archaeologist discovered some objects of art. ( The original sentence

emphasizes the agent,

―

the amateur archaeologist,

‖

while this sentence stresses the

fact that this amateur archaeologist discovered some objects of art. )

d.

Before

I set my world record,

I was a great fan of

The Guinness Book of World

Records

and read each new edition from cover to cover.

e.

For

a

while

I

had

been

secretly

desiring

to

be

in

that

book

myself

—

to

astonish

others just as I had been astonished.

f.

Readers will always appreciate classics like

Middlemarch

.

g.

An English critic in the nineteenth century asked the question

―

Who ever reads an

American books?

‖

Choosing the passive voice

Reference for the Classroom Activities

1.

a.

The

salesman

had

traveled

on

the

road

many

times,

but

he

had

never

before

noticed the old house.

b. The tourist had a safe trip because all the dangers were carefully explained by

the guide.

c. The mother bird, which brought a worm to feed its young, flew directly into the

nest.

d. (This sentence is effective.)

e. If you can learn how to use a thesaurus, you will find it quite useful.

2.

At

Sunny

Acres

the

campers

must

honor

many

traditions,

including

the

custom of singing before an audience wherever they break a rule. If, for example,

a

camper

reaches

the

driving

hall

late

for

supper,

the

latecomer

must

face

the

entire camp and sing to them. He has to stand with his back to the kitchen, and

look

at

his

fellow

campers.

Then,

without

the

idea

of

piano

or

any

other

instrument, he must sing two stanzas of a camp song. If any words are omitted, he

must

begin

the

song

again.

(Before

the

performance,

he

may

check

a

camp

songbook if he wishes to refresh his memory.) During the singing it is against the

rules

for

other

campers

to

call

out

or

make

faces.

After

the

performance,

they

applaud for the latecomer, and fill his plate with a double helping. Everyone has a

good time, including the culprit.

PART III GRAMMAR

Tense

The simple present

Reference for the Classroom Activities

Summary

1.

In general, the present tense expresses the present time, but there are exceptions.

For example, it can be used to indicate future events or actions.

2.

In statements about the content of literature and other works of art, we generally

use the present tense (the historical present). However, statements about the facts

of a deal author

’

s life are normally in the past tense.

3.

In statements of natural truth or of lasting significance, we use the present tense.