-
Unit 1 How we behave is who we are
Listening to
the world
Sharing
P =
Pasha; W1 = Woman 1, etc.; M1 = Man 1, etc.
Part 1
P:
Hello. City
life can be quite impersonal, so I try to smile at
people and thank them whenever they behave
kindly, but some forms of anti-social
behavior really do get on my nerves. Today
I’
m talking to people about
good and bad behavior. What kind of
behavior in public places gets
on your nerves?
Part 2
W1: I
think what mostly gets on my nerves is when people
listen to their music really loudly on a stereo
when
you’re on the train, or
in
a lift. I think
that
’
s a bit antisocial.
M1: Um,
probably
noise
more
than
anything
actually.
Um,
I
suppose
it
’
s
one
of
those
sorts
of things you
see in effect in towns, areas now get
louder and louder
–
probably
later into the
night as
well.
W2:
Well,
screaming
babies,
in,
like
shops
and
just
generally
around
and
the
parents,
kind
of
standing
there and not
really, just kind of ignoring the child and you
just want to, just, tell the
baby to just “shut up”
but,
obviously, you can
’
t.
M2: Loud noise: people with
loud voices. Er, people, er, bad manners.
W3: When you’re on public
transport, like on a train, and cou
ples
start kissing in front of you.
M3: Smoking within the vicinity. Um, as
someone who personally
doesn
’
t smoke, er, I find
it, it can, er ... it
can get on my
nerves at times.
Part 3
P:
Give a recent example of when you
experienced good or bad manners.
M3:
The other day, just as
an example, um, recent lack of m
anners
I think, was in a … a local park
and
er,
there was a rubbish bin nearby, but
that person instead of taking the extra effort to
just
simply walk over and
drop it in, decided carelessly to just
drop their rubbish on the ground
where they were.
M1:
I
travel
a
lot
on
the
trains
and
things
like
that,
so
I
find,
increasingly,
the
actual
noise
on
trains
from
people using mobile phones, things like that
really.
W1:
Well,
recently,
it
’
s
…
I’ve
seen
it
a
few
times,
you
know,
when,
when
you’re
shopping
or
when
you’re
in
a
restaurant
and
you’re
trying
to
…
and
you’re
speaking
to
the
person
that’
s
serving
you
and
maybe
somebody
’
s,
they’re
on
their
phone,
or
they’re
not
really
paying
attention. You see that quite a lot,
I think, in London particularly.
W3: On the bus this
morning, when an old gentleman got on and someone
got up to give him a
seat.
Part 4
P:
Do you think
our attitude towards behavior changes as we get
older?
W1: Yeah, I think it
does. I think as you get older, you become,
probably, a bit more intolerant of
certain,
sort
of,
anti-social
behavior
and,
as,
when
you’re
younger
you’re
probably
not
as
aware of it.
M2:
I
think
the
older
people,
er,
definitely
appreciate
manners,
good
behavior
and
a
good
attitude.
M1:
I
suppose
so.
I
suppose
we
learn
how
to
be
more
tolerant
of
it.
Um,
we
can
be,
probably,
more
short-
tempered of it because
we’ve probably had it all of our lives and we want
it to,
sort
of,
come
to an
end, but
I
think
we learn how
to,
sort
of,
either
walk
away
from
it
or
ignore it, that sort of things.
W2: Yeah, definitely.
W4: It becomes more
important as you get older. You have to impress
more people, therefore, be more polite.
W2: Yeah, and you gain a
conscience as you get older as well. As kids,
like, you just say whatever you want
to
each other, kids, but you kind of realize what you
can and can
’
t say as you get
older.
Listening
I =
Interviewer; S1 = Speaker 1, etc.
Part 1
I:
Now I’ve always thought
it has to do with what ti
m
e
of day you’re born. I arrived at 10
o’clock
at
night
and
consequently
I’m
an
owl
–
coming
to
life
late
in
the
evening
and
capable
of
dancing
till
dawn
–
which is a pity
really because this job requires that I am a lark,
getting up
every morning at
5:30. Well, which
are you and why?
Part 2
S1: I am up usually between
five and half past most m
ornings.
I’
m bright and breezy. I sing in the
morning.
I’m
wide
awake.
I
love
watching
the
sunrise.
Whenever
we
go
on
holiday,
my
husband thinks I’m mad
because quite often I get up with a
cam
era, and I’
m out there at
half
past four
,
five o’clock in the
morning
watching the sunrise and taking
photographs. And I just
love it. It is just so peaceful and so
beautiful. It
’
s a
lovely part of the day.
S2: Definitely not a morning person.
Evening, without a doubt. I despise getting up
with a passion.
There is a
real, real sense of dread, and, oh no,
and there
’s sort of lots of denial
about … no, it
didn
’
t
really
go
off.
And
I
sort
of
set
it
again
for
five
minutes
later,
then
I
set
it
again
for
another
five
minutes
later,
and
I
stay
there until the absolute last second.
S3:
If I’m
groggily out at nine or 10 in the morning, I do
look at other people walking
their
dogs,
or, walking
along with a bounce in their step and I
just think, “Where does it co
me from?
How
can you do that? Should
I
just eat more vegetables or more
fruit or should I get up earlier to be
more awake?” None of it
works.
S4: My
father and my mother are very m
uch sort
of early birds, and so when I was a teenager
I’d
sleep in and
I’d
have
comments
all
the
time
like,
“
You
…
you’re
sleeping
your
life
away”,
“
Y
ou’ve wasted
the best
part of the day”, and
it’
s taken me until very, very recently
actually to
be able to stop
the guilt at getting up
late ...
S5:
Late
evening
is
best
for
me
to
be
focusing
rather
than
partying.
That
’
s
when
I’
m
really thinking
straight.
Everyone
’
s
going
to
sleep
at
hom
e
here
when
I’
m
really
mentally
becoming
most
awake.
That
’
s
when I really feel at my sharpest.
S6: At
the
end
of
the day,
nine
o’clock,
10
o’clock,
I’
m
exhausted,
and
so
I
want
to
go
to
bed.
Anybody
m
entions
“party” to
me and I cringe.
S7: David and I always joked before we
had children that it would be great because he
would be
great in the
mornings and I would be great in the
evenings, and to a certain extent
that
’
s true,
but finding time in the
middle just to talk to one another is
trickier.
I:
What are you, lark or owl? And what are
the effects? Do let us know on the message board
on
the website.
Viewing
Desmond Morris:
Back in the late 1960s, I
was sitting in this very restaurant on the island
of Malta talking to my publisher. I
drew his attention to the fact that,
over the other side of the road there were two men
who were gesticulating
in
a
particular
way.
The
way
they
were
holding
their
palms
to
one side was fascinating me, and he
said,
“
You know, you look at
people the way that a bird-watcher
looks at birds,” and I said,
“
Yeah, I suppose you
could
call m
e a ‘
m
an
watcher’.”
As
soon as I said it, it was as if I’d fired a
starting gun on a
major new project,
one that was to engross me for
many
years to come and take me to over 60 different
countries. I was going to do for actions what
dictionary
makers
had
done
for
words.
I
began
making
huge
charts
naming
every
facial
expression,
every
gesticulation, every
movement, every posture. I kept at it for month
after month.
One of the
first problems I encountered was that even the
simplest human action, such as the handshake, has
countless variations.
Sometimes
it
’
s
reduced
to
a
mere
palm
touch,
as
with
these
Masai
elders
in
East
Africa.
But
in
other
countries
it
becomes
more
elaborate.
In
Mali
in
West
Africa
the
handshaker
briefly
touches
his
own
forearm as the palms clasp.
In Morocco the handshakers kiss one
another
’
s hands at the same
time as clasping them. And in Turkey, these
Kurdish farmers have taken this simple
action and converted it into what amounts to a
minor ritual. It
’
s the
local rule that they
can
’
t start
bar
gaining until they’re shaking hands,
and
they have to keep on doing so until
the deal is struck.
The essential feature of handshaking is
that it
’
s an egalitarian
act. Regardless of their social standing, the two
people involved are momentarily
performing identical actions.
Despite their variations, all these
greetings have one thing in comm
on:
They’re all fine
-tuned to the precise
context in which they occur.
Because a single message is
given in a different way in different countries.
The crazy sign: How do you say to
somebody
,
“
Y
ou’re crazy”?
Well, here in Rome you do this, but, in
England I would probably do this
–
the
temple
screw, saying he
’
s got a
screw loose
–
or I might say
his brain is going round and round, or I might,
tap
my head saying, “What does he think
he’
s got inside his
skull?”
In some countries you do it with two
hands; it varies from place to place and, if you
go to Japan you have to
be
careful
because
if
you
do
it
this
way
it
means
he
’
s
intelligent;
you
have
to
do
it
in
an
anticlockwise
direction in
Japan if you want to say that somebody is crazy.
So, all over the world the same message is given
in a slightly different way.
Speaking for communication
Role-play
J = Jim; L = Liz
J:
Here
’
s your coffee.
L:
Ah, thanks,
Jim. Oh, I needed that.
J:
No problem. Hey, Liz,
there
’
s som
ething
I’ve been
meaning to talk to you about.
L:
Oh yeah?
J:
It
’
s just that ... well ...
you know you borrowed some money from me last
week?
L:
Oh,
right. It was 10 euros,
wasn
’
t it? I
don
’
t actually have that on
me at the moment.
J:
It
’
s not that,
it
’
s ... I hope you
don
’
t take this the wrong
way, but, um
…
L:
Right.
J:
…
it
’
s
just that
this
isn
’
t the
first time
I’ve
lent
you
money
and
er, well,
you
haven
’
t
paid
it back. I, I
mean, I know
it
’
s not a lot, just small
amounts each time but it kind of adds up quite
quickly ... I, I dunno. Do
you know what I mean?
L:
Yeah. Sorry. I
didn
’t realize. I know I’
m
terrible with money. I, I just forget. Look, I
promise
I’ll give it
back, but … could you wait a week until
I get paid?
J:
Well, actually
, you’ve said
that once before. I, I don’
t want you
to get the wrong idea, but ... it,
you know,
never happened.
And it makes things slightly awkward. I mean, it
makes me feel
just a bit
annoyed. Do you
see where
I’
m coming from?
L:
Oh. Yeah. I suppose so.
J:
Look, I’ve
got a suggestion. I’d feel better if we could work
out how
much is owed and then you could
pay me back a little each week, you
know, however much you can afford. How
does
that sound?
L:
Yeah, yeah. That sounds
reasonable.
J: OK, great.
So well, why don
’t we start
…?
Further practice in listening
Short conversations
Conversation 1
W: The only thing I can do at night is
to lie in bed and read, preferably while also
eating a snack. I never have
time for
exercising.
M:
Don
’
t think
it
’
s worth exercising only
if you can run five miles or if you can bike for
an hour. Even going
for a 10-minute
walk is worthwhile.
Q:
What advice does the man
give to the woman?
Conversation 2
W
: Hi, Mark, I’ve gained
quite so
me weight recently. So, how can
I eat healthily at social events?
M:
Well, drink a full glass of water before you go.
Focus mainly on fresh fruit and vegetables or
bread with
whole grains. These will
help you stay feeling full.
Q:
What can we know about
the woman?
Conversation 3
W: I heard that in South Africa smoking
is banned in all enclosed public spaces.
M: Yes,
that
’
s right. But pubs and
bars with separate, enclosed smoking rooms are
excluded from the
ban,
and
most
restaurants
provide
smoking
sections,
either
indoor
areas
with
good
air
circulation
or
outdoor
open areas.
Q:
What can we
learn about the smoking rules in South Africa?
Conversation 4
M: So, your research shows
that even when children are not direct targets of
violence in the home, they can be
harmed by witnessing its occurrence?
W:
Yes,
that
’
s
right.
For
example,
they
can
suffer
immediate
and
permanent
physical
harm.
They
can
also
experience short- and long-term
emotional and behavioral problems.
Q:
What are the two speakers talking
about?
Conversation 5
W: Skipping
breakfast
is
common
among
people
who
are
trying
to
lose
weight,
but
it
doesn
’
t seem to
be
a successful strategy.
M: No, it isn
’
t.
While any breakfast may be better than no
breakfast, a healthy breakfast can be something
simple like a hard-boiled egg, a piece
of 100 percent wholegrain toast along with a cup
of 100 percent fruit
juice.
Q:
What is recommended for a
healthy breakfast?
Long conversation
M: I love
working out!
W: Ugh!
Y
ou’re sweating all over the floor
…
M: I just ran
five miles! A friend told me about this great park
on Jefferson Street. I love exploring new parks!
W: I try running at the gym
three days a week, but it
’
s
so boring looking at the TV monitor or the wall in
front
of me for an hour.
M: You should run outside! Being in
nature, enjoying the beautiful flowers and the
trees, I feel my mind relax
and the
stress just falls away.
W:
It is nice outside. My mom
loves t’ai
chi and a nearby t’ai chi group meets every
morning at 6 a.
m
. I’ve
tried going, but
it
’
s too ea
rly
for me to get out of bed …
M:
T’ai
chi
is
really
good.
You
need
some
kind
of
exercise.
It
’
s
unhealthy
for
you
to
sit
in
front
of
your
computer all day, every day!
W: Well, I recently spend
my weekends away from my computer.
M: Oh really? And what have you done
recently that didn
’
t involve
a computer or TV screen?
W:
Pandas! I just went to the San Diego Zoo with my
sister on Saturday! They have one of the best
panda
exhibits in the US. The mother
panda is from Wolong, China, and had had six baby
pandas by 2012 since
arriving at the
San Diego Zoo in September of 1996.
M: Oh,
I
bet
baby
pandas
are
amazing!
Hey!
Maybe
you
should
get
a
zoo
membership
and
go
jogging in
the zoo!
W: A zoo membership! Now
that
’
s a great idea! I love
the San Diego Zoo. It
’
s near
my house, I can get good
exercise and I
can watch the baby pandas grow up!
Q1: What has made the man
sweat all over the floor?
Q2: Why doesn
’
t
the wom
an go to practice t’ai chi with
her
mom?
Q3: What does the
woman normally do on weekends?
Q4: Why does the man suggest the woman
get a zoo membership?
Passage 1
Have you ever felt you
don
’t have enough hours in the day? Or
that you’d give anything for a whole day to
catch up with yourself? Well, here are
some ideas that work for me.
First of all, make a to-do list every
day and set clear priorities. The trick here
isn
’
t making the list;
that
’
s the
easy
part. The trick is making the priorities. I look
at my
list and put a star next to
anything
that
is
really
urgent.
Then
I
put
the
number
“2”
next
to
anything
that
will
just
take
a couple of minutes. I actually do
these quick tasks before I get on with
the urgent ones; it
’
s a bit
like clearing off the top of your desk before
sitting down to write that important
letter.
Second, know when
is the most productive time of day for you and do
your work or study then. One of the
shocking discoveries
I
made
about
myself
is
that
if
I
get
up
at 5
a.m.,
I
can
do
a
day
’
s
work
and even
fit
breakfast in before half past nine. Of
course, if you are an early bird, it can be
difficult to accomplish tasks
that
involve phonin
g “night owls”, but
that’
s what
email
’
s for!
Finally,
do
not
let
your
inbox
run
your
life.
I
just
realized
recently
how
frequently
I
interrupted
my
real
work
to
check
my
inbox
and
respond
to
the
most
trivial
of
emails.
So,
now
I
only
open
it
when
absolutely
necessary
and this
saves
me
hours.
If
your
work
depends
on
you being constantly accessible by
email, then you can
’t do
this; but be honest and ask yourself,
“A
m I an em
ail
addict?”
With
these simple, practical techniques, you will
become more efficient, less stressed and be able
to win some
“me
-tim
e” for
yourself.
Q1: What tasks does the speaker tend to
do first every day?
Q2: How to work
more efficiently according to the speaker?
Q3: How does the speaker deal with
emails now?
Q4: What is the
purpose of the talk?
Passage 2
and
answers
In
a
perfect
world,
we
would
all
avoid
too
much
credit
card
debt
and
would
never
have
to deal with the
trouble
of
being
unable
to
meet
our
credit
card
payment
obligations.
But
this
is
not
a
perfect
world,
and
unfortunately, these 1) distressing
situations are the norm for many people.
If
you
find
yourself
in
this
position,
or
heading
there,
you
should
cut
your
spending
now. Don
’
t wait
until
your situation is so 2) desperate
that you have few options available to you. Facing
the factors that give you
the
3)
urge
to
spend
money
carelessly
can
be
uncomfortable,
but
if
you
don
’
t
face
them,
how
will
you
control
your
debt
and
4) acquire
the
things
you truly want?
One negative aspect of
using credit cards instead of cash is that you 5)
are totally unaware of the fact that
you’re
spending
real
money.
The
pleasant
feelings
you
experience
when
you
purchase
the
item
6)
are
isolated
from
the
unpleasant
feelings
of
making
the
payment
when
you
get
the
credit
card
statement.
Studies
7)
affirm
that
most
people
are
much
less
likely
to
buy
when
paying
with
cash
as
opposed
to
credit cards. So, try
leaving your credit cards at home, and pay with
cash or check.
To really
control your spending and your credit card debt,
you need to examine what money means
to
you.
Make
an
effort
to
notice
how
you
8)
interact
with
money
and
what
beliefs
and attitudes
you
have
about
money.
Studies
also
show
that
people
with
low
self-esteem
engage
themselves
in
more
9)
impulse
spending and buying things they
don
’
t need. Remind yourself
daily that your worth as a person has nothing to
do with how much money you have. Once
you 10) are convinced of this, you will break the
psychological
barriers that were
keeping you from handling your money wisely.
Unit 2 Getting older, getting wiser?
Listening to
the world
Sharing
P =
Pasha; M1 = Man 1, etc.; W1 = Woman 1, etc.
Part 1
P:
Hi. I’
m
really excited about the next few
months. I’
m DJing on the banks of the
River Thames in the heart
of London and
I’
m
playing some beach
parties. Today I’ve co
me to Covent
Garden
to find out how
people
feel about their lives. What are
you looking forward to in the future?
Part 2
M1:
Er,
I’
m looking forward to having a
fam
ily: I don’t have a
fa
m
ily right now. Er, I’m
looking
forward to
buying a
house
–
er, I
actually live in the United States right now and I
haven’t
bought a
house there, so I’m
looking
forward to that. And I guess
I’
m looking forward to um,
more travel.
W1:
Finding a job that I’
m really
passionate about.
M2:
Er,
near
future,
I’m
looking
forward
to
a
holiday
next
year.
I’
m
going
to
Vegas
with
a
family
that
I
haven’t been away with
u
m, for about five or six years now.
W2: Getting a
good job, and finishing university.
M3:
Nothing
really.
I kind
of enjoy
my life at the
moment. Um,
I ...
I live
in
Australia now, and
I’ve got
things the way we like them
at home, and life’s good.
M4: Starting a
new job next summer.
Part 3
P:
Is there anything you
aren’t looking forward to?
W1: No, no, there’s nothing
I can think about that I’
m not looking
forward to in the future.
M2:
The one thing that I’d
have thought
most people say is dying.
Quite serious, but, other than that, no
–
I
kind of
embrace life to the full; look forward to most
things.
W3:
Um,
I
have
to
say,
the
premise
of
getting
older,
and
with
getting
older
you
have
more
responsibilities, so
that’s one thing I won’t ... I’
m not
looking forward to.
M1:
Well, I’
m not looking
forward to retiring: Um, I like my job and I like
working, and I think
I’ll be a little
bored when I retire.
W2: It’s
quite
stressful looking for jobs and going to job
interviews, so
I do get nervous about
that.
M3:
Getting
older.
Your
body’s
starting
to
fall
to
bits.
Not
looking
forward
to
that,
but
it’ll
happen.
Part 4
P:
People say that your schooldays are the
best days of your life. Do you think that’s
true?
W1: Absolutely. I do, yes, because
you’re, the world is your oyster. You have so
much hope, so many dreams,
and you believe, you believe you can
achieve anything. So yeah, definitely, I
think so, yeah.
M3: No. Schooldays were hell on earth
for me. It was (They were) the worst days of my
life.
W2:
Um
, they’re quite stressful because you
have exa
m
s, but I do think
they’re fun: being able to
be
with
your friends every day.
So I do think that schooldays are ... are good
days in your
life.
M1:
Looking
back
on
it,
I
had
a
great
time
at
school.
I’m
sure
at
the
time
it
seemed
a
little
difficult,
um, you know,
trying to fit in, but now when I look back on it,
they were fun days
and, you
know, I ... I ... I
look at them very
fondly.
M4: For
me, personally, my, er ... m
y
schooldays were my favorite because I’ve still got
friends
from,
going
back 20-odd years.
W3: That’s when I’ve
created most ... the
most valuable
relationships I have in my life.
M2:
For
most
people,
yes,
but
when
I
left
school
at
16,
I
was
a
fulltime
footballer
at
Ipswich
Town
Football Club for two years. So, living
away from home with friends and doing,
kind
of, the best thing I
could
do in my life, were the best two
years of my life.
Listening
Part 1
OK ... so
... I’ve got the date ...
“Thursda
y, the 20th of May, 2004. Dear
the future me, I hope this letter has
found its way to you / me. As I write
this, I am 16 in Year 11; and as I read it, I am
20. Wow! I will have
changed so much. I
can only guess what I will be like at 20. I
envisage to
myself at Oxford Uni,
sitting ...” oh,
this
is
em
barrassing ...
“sitting
under
a
tree
by
the
river
in
the
college
grounds.
I
think
I’ll
be
wearing
something floaty and a bit indie, but I
bet when I get this,
it’ll, it’ll be
raining.”
“As
I
read
this,
I’ll
have
already
remembered
that
I
fancied
Tom
Squires
...”
there
you
go,
Tom
...
I’
m
looking at him now
. “I
wonder if I’ll ever have the guts to tell
hi
m. ... I know
,
I’
m a romantic. I hope that
hasn
’
t
changed.
My
plans
for
myself
in
the
following
years
are
to
find
a
man,
someone
good-looking,
romantic
and
intelligent,
who,
who
shares
my
interests
–
or
just
Tom.
Either
way
,
um,
I
hope
I’ll
have
som
eone.” I don’
t
remem
ber this, “... and then I think
I’ll have
three children with long
brown hair and green
eyes.”
“
W
ell, I’ll stop
now even though I want to write everything I can
down, but I’
m running out of time. I
hope
I’
m happy in 2008, and
I hope this letter makes me feel good about who I
was, or am, as I write this. Keep
smiling, and while I
can
’
t really say bye, but
good luck for the future and keep dreaming.
Don
’
t change too
much, and be happy with who you are
–
I like who I am now more
than any other tim
e. Love,
Laura.”
Part 2
It all seems
very shallow looking back and reading
what I thought I’d be doing or hoped
I’d
be doing. I think
my
16-year-old self might have been disappointed with
where I am, but because I as my 20-year-old self
have
sort of grown up and
m
atured, I’
m absolutely
ecstatic with the way where I am, and it
doesn
’
t have to be this
perfect sitting-by-a-lake kind of
image.
Viewing
N = Narrator; B = Dr. Bradley Willcox
N:
The
remote
island
of
Okinawa
is
home
to
one
of
the
longest-
living
communities
in
the
world.
In
a
population
of only one million, there are 900 centenarians, a
percentage that
’
s over four
times higher than
Britain and America.
It
’
s a
place
where age has a different meaning ... where
people like Mr. Miyagi can
expect to live way beyond his 92nd
year. Unaware of the latest diet
or lifestyle fad, Mr. Miyagi has
developed
his own way of defying the
aging process.
B:
They’re not thinking
about “Gee, if I do this, I’
m not gonna
live as long, if I ... I have one extra
drink or if
I
eat
this
food
or
...”
–
they’re
not
thinking
about
that
at
all.
Most
of
the
m
couldn
’
t
care
less
what
the
scientists think. They just go about
their business and live. They just happen
to live a very long time.
N:
The
explanation
for
this
extraordinary
phenomenon
begins
in
the
most
ordinary
of
places.
Like
every
town in Okinawa, the
fruit and vegetable shop in Ogimi lies at the
heart of village life.
It
’
s here that
Bradley
and
Craig
believe
the
source
of
the
Okinawa
miracle
can
be
traced.
For
the
past
20
years,
Bradley
and
Craig
have
been
analyzing
the
life-enhancing
Okinawan
ingredients.
B:
G
ot reds here in the
tomatoes, the peppers. Y
ou’ve got green
peppers here.
N:
They’ve
identified
a
nu
mber
of
crucial
properties
that
guard
the
Okinawans
from
disease,
from
the
antioxidant rich vegetables that
protect against cell damage, to the high
quantities of soya
proteins. In Ogimi,
100-year-old Matsu is preparing a
traditional Okinawan dish using all the
vital ingredients.
It
’
s only after the
food is served that the most
significant Okinawan tradition
can be observed.
B:
The
Okinawans
developed
also
cultural
habits
over
the
years
that
appear
to
have
health
protective
properties.
They
have
a
saying
called
“harahachibu”
–
eat
until
you’re
only
80
percent full.
N:
In a typical day, Matsu only consumes
around 1,200 calories, about 20 percent less than
most
people in
Britain and America.
B:
In
the
West
we’re
very
much
focused
on
getting
more
for
our
money,
and
one
of
the
most
popular
things is all these all-you-can-eat
restaurants. You go and you load up at the, at the
er,
the all-you-can-eat
restaurant, and you, you walk away with
this bloated feeling and you ... you
may
have
got
your
money
’
s
worth,
but
you
probably
didn
’
t
get
your,
your
health
’
s
worth,
because
what you’re doing is just digging
yourself into an early grave.
Speaking for communication
Role-play
P = Presenter;
V = Vince; J = Julia; D = Dan; Z = Zara
P:
And up next, it
’
s
time for
Just T
ell Me I’m
Wrong
.
Today
’
s topic: How young is
too young or,
perhaps
more accurately, how old is old enough?
W
e’ve received hundreds of
e
mails and text
messages
about
the
right
age
for
a
child
to
have
a
mobile
phone,
stay
home
alone,
wear
make-up,
get
their
ears
pierced,
babysit
for
younger
kids
...
and
we’ve
got
our
first
caller,
Vince.
Go ahead, Vince. Y
ou’re on.
V:
Hi. My situation is that my nine-year-
old kept asking me to get her a mobile, so I
bought her one a few
months ago. Then,
last week, I got a bill for over two hundred
pounds, so I warned
her I’d
take the phone
away from her if it
happened again.
P: So I gather your point is whether
she
’
s too young to have a
mobile?
V:
Y
eah, yeah,
that
’
s right.
P: Er, surely
it
’
s the
parents
’
responsibility to
set some sort of guidelines ahead of time.
V:
S
o
what you’re saying is I should have given her
so
me rules?
P:
Basically,
yes,
when
she
first
got
the
phone.
OK,
thanks
Vince.
Next
caller
is
Julia.
What
’
s
your
question, Julia?
J:
About the
m
obile phone thing. I’ve got
an eight-year-old, and I worry about him all the
time if
I can
’
t
reach him. You know ... anything could
happen ...
P:
So in other words, you want him to have a mobile.
J: And have it
on at all times. But he
doesn
’
t want one.
P:
Fair
enough.
Let
me
ask
you
a
question.
When
you
were
eight
years
old
and
there
were
no
mobile
phones, what did your
mother do? I bet you were allowed to go out on
your own. Isn
’
t
that
an
important
part
of
growing
up
and
developing
a
sense
of
independence
and
responsibility?
J:
So what you’re getting at
is that I’
m being overprotective?
P: You could
say that.
J: Yeah, but
don
’
t you agree that the
world used to be a safer place?
P:
Surely
that
’
s what every generation
says. Anyway, thanks for your question, Julia.
Let
’
s go to our next
caller
. Dan, you’re
on.
D:
Hi, my
question
’
s also about
technology.
P:
OK. Go ahead.
D:
Well, my son, Seth,
he
’
s 12 and, up till
recently, he was a normal 12-year-old, you know,
he used to go out
with his friends,
play football with me, you know ... we had a great
relationship.
P:
So, Dan, from what you’re saying,
I’
m guessing he
doesn
’
t want to spend so
much time with
you now, and
you feel ...
D:
Oh no, it
’
s not
that. It
’
s just that he
spends all his time on the computer now.
P:
Isn
’
t that just normal
nowadays?
D:
It
’
s hard to say.
Sometimes at the weekend he spends all day in his
bedroom on the computer, on social
networking sites or playing games. I
don
’
t think
it
’
s right. I mean for one
thing, he
never gets any
exercise.
P:
Don
’
t
you
think
it
’
s
just
a
stage
he
’
s
going
through?
I
used
to
spend
hours
in
my
bedroom
listening
to music when I
was that age.
D:
You mean I should just
relax and let him get on with it?
P:
Y
eah, he’ll grow out of it.
And you can’
t force him to go and play
football if he doesn
’
t want
to.
D:
I guess not. Thanks.
P: OK, our next caller is Zara.
Y
ou’re on.
Z:
Um, I was
wondering how you would deal with a 13-year-old
wanting to get pierced ears?
P:
Thirteen
years
old?
Doesn
’
t
she
simply
want
to
be
like
her
friends?
I
imagine
a
lot
of
them
have
pierced ears.
Z:
Well ...
that
’s it. I’
m not talking
about a she.
P:
Oh, if I’ve got it right, you’re upset
because your
13-year-old son wants to
get his ears pierced.
Z:
That
’
s right.
P: Ah ... so
it
’
s because
he
’
s a boy rather than his
age?
Z:
I
suppose so.
P:
Well, what
’s he like socially? Does he
have friends who’ve got their ears ...
Further
practice in listening
Short
conversations
Conversation 1
W:
So this is your last year in college.
Have you ever thought about what you’d like to do
after
graduation?
M: Well,
I
really
don
’
t
know.
The
job
market
seems
to
be
improving,
so
I
may
look
for
a
job
somewhere. But I am also
interested in applying for graduate school.
Q:
What are the two speakers talking
about?
Conversation 2
M: Do you remember Linda we met a while
ago at Susan
’
s birthday
party?
W:
Linda? Do you mean the lady who you said was a
nurse in the community hospital before her
retirement?
Yeah, I remember. She looks
very young for her age.
Q:
What does the woman think
of Linda?
Conversation 3
M: I wish I could retire tomorrow. Then
I would not need to worry about work.
W: I
don
’
t look forward to
retirem
ent. I’m afraid of getting old
–
my body will slow down, and my
children
will be away. I dread losing
independence and living in loneliness.
Q:
What makes
the woman afraid of getting old?
Conversation 4
W: I consider
my early 20s to be the prime time of my life. How
about you?
M:
I
couldn
’
t
agree
with
you
more.
That
’
s
no
doubt
the
golden
period.
You
are
young
and
energetic.
You
are
free
to
pursue
your
passion.
The best
thing
is
that
you
have
a
wealth
of
opportunities to explore.
Q:
What does the man like
best about being in his early 20s?
Conversation 5
W: Hi, John.
You are taking Law 201 this semester, right? How
do you like it?
M: Yeah,
it
’
s
a
great
class.
W
e’ve
looked
at
several
cases
of
age
discrimination
at
work.
Such cases
are
very interesting because
they are rarely clear-cut and court decisions can
be rather
controversial.
Q:
What does the man say about age
discrimination cases?
Long conversation
M:
Nancy, time to make a birthday wish!
W: I wish ... hmm. OK! I want a high-
paying job, a husband with a perfect face and
body, and a big house ...
with a
swimming pool!
M: Wow, Nancy! Those are your three
wishes?
W
: Of course! If I have
those three things, I’ll be happy!
M: Now, Nancy. Let me tell
you my story, and you may see things differently.
W
: “See things
di
f
ferently?”
What do you mean, Uncle Charlie?
M: Here
is
what
I
once
experienced
in
life.
When
I
married,
32
years
ago,
we
had
a
happy marriage, a
beautiful house, two expensive cars,
and $$200,000 in the bank!
W: See, just like now!
M: Wait! I would suggest three
different wishes!
W: Well ... What would you wish for?
Y
ou’re older and wiser!
M: What happens if you lose
your job, lose your house, and your husband
becomes sick? I suggest these three
wishes: patience, courage and love!
W: Patience,
courage and love?
M: Yes!
If you have patience and courage, you and your
husband will have good jobs and a nice house.
And
if
you
have
true
love,
you
and
your
husband
will
be
beautiful
to
each
other
no
matter
how
old
you
become together.
W: This is
good.
M: Within
six
years
of
our
marriage,
we
had
three
beautiful
children,
but
we
lost
our
jobs,
our
house,
all
our
money,
and
then
I
got
really
sick
for
nine
years.
But
we
didn
’
t
lose
anything
truly valuable, because
we
always
said:
“Wherever
the
five
of
us
are
togethe
r,
we
are
at
hom
e!”
And,
little
by
little
things
did
improve,
and
I
finally
got
well.
Patience,
courage
and
love!
These
are
what
make
life
full,
strong
and
happy!
W: Hmm, I will
remember. Patience, courage and love! Thanks,
Uncle Charlie!
Q1: What are the two speakers talking
about?
Q2: According to the
man, why is true love important
for a
happy life? Q3: What difficulties did the
man
experience in his life?
Q4: What is the man doing
in the talk?
Passage 1
If you think that you have
to live up a remote mountain in order to live a
long and healthy life, a religious
community in Loma Linda, California,
may prove you wrong. Its members are a group of
Christians
known
as
the
Seventh-
day
Adventists.
The
Adventists
enjoy
a
much
higher
life
expectancy
than
average
Californians. Adventist men can expect
to live about seven years longer than other
Californian men. Adventist
women
are
likely
to
live
around
four
years
longer
than
other Californian
women.
The
Adventists
also
act
much
younger than they are and see doctors
much less than ordinary people.
So
what
’
s the secret of the
Adventists
’
longevity? It is
not all in their genes. Nor is their good health a
mere
accident. The Adventists live
longer partly because they have a vegetable-based
diet. Around 35 percent of
them
are
vegetarian,
and
around
one
half
eat
meat
only
rarely.
Tobacco
and
alcohol
consumptions
are
discouraged.
So
are
rich
or
spicy
foods,
meat,
and
drinks
containing caffeine. The Adventist diet
is high in
fruit and vegetables. It
also includes plenty of whole grains, nuts, seeds
and beans, and water is the drink of
choice.
The
longevity
of
the
Adventists
is
also
related
to
their
lifestyle
and
natural
environment.
They
believe
in
having
regular exercise, helping others, and maintaining
strong social and familial ties. They live in a
mild
climate with warm summers and cool
winters. Interestingly, the air quality of Loma
Linda, however, is not as
good as in
other longevity hot spots. This should give us all
hope, as it suggests that we
don
’
t have to have
every
single
factor
in
place
in
order
to
achieve
excellent
health.
Despite
this,
the
Adventists
’
good
health
certainly provides strong evidence that
diet and lifestyle choices have a great impact on
health and longevity.
Q1: In what way are the
Adventists different from ordinary people?
Q2: How much longer do
Adventist women expect to live than other
Californian women?
Q3: What is
characteristic of the
Adventists
’
diet?
Q4: What is the main idea
of the passage?
Passage 2
and
answers
Of all
the threats to human society, including war,
disease and natural disaster, one outranks all
others.
It
is
the
aging
of
the
human
population.
The
1)
proportion
of
people
aged
60-plus
around
the
world
is
2)
estimated to more than
double in 2050. By 2047, for the first time in
human history, the number of old people
is projected to exceed that of children
on the planet.
This change
will 3) have profound impacts on human society.
One problem concerns the ratio of the number
of people of working age to the
num
ber of older people, which is known
as the “4)
potential
support
ratio”.
This index has fallen from 12
in 1950 to 8 in 2013 and is expected to drop to 4
in 2050. Its decline means that
the
burden on the young, 5) economically and socially,
will rise accordingly. This is because older
people rely
on the young, not only for
care and support but also for the economic
productivity that ensures 6) pensions
can be paid and health and social costs
met.
A
variety
of
issues
in
other
areas
such
as
family
composition,
the
transfer
of
property,
taxation
and
housing may 7) originate
from
the population
“age
-
quake”, too. For
instance, fa
mily ties have been
weakened
by increased mobility and
rising divorce, and hence the demand for 8)
residential
and
nursing
homes
will
increase
since
more
older
people
will
need
to
live
in
an
institution or elder care center.
No
matter
what
the
future
reality
will
be,
the
aging
of
the
human
population
certainly
9)
poses
a
challenge
to policy makers, economists and health care
specialists around the world. This suggests that
the
human society will need to 10) be
transformed into a structure that has the ability
and resources to address the
diverse
needs of older people.
Unit 3
Discovering your niche holiday
Listening to
the world
Sharing
P =
Pasha; M1 = Man 1, etc.; W1 = Woman 1, etc.
Part 1
P:
Hi. I enjoy doing a lot
of different things in my free time. Most of them
are to do with music: I
DJ
both in London and internationally, and I try to
go to concerts and festivals whenever I can.
How about
you?
How do you spend your free time?
Part 2
M1: My free
time, when
I
have
any, is playing golf.
I ... I
discovered golf eight
years ago and
I’
m
... I’m addicted:
Whenever I can, I’ll get out on a golf
course.
W1: Photography; I like to watch films;
um ... really into music.
W2: In m
y free time
I’
m an amateur opera singer and I also
run an amateur opera company.
M2: I
spend
my
free
time
shopping,
cooking,
uh,
going
to
exhibitions,
traveling,
going
to
the
theater.
W3: I exercise a lot: I
spend a lot of time walking, running and boxing.
M3: I play
football, I play table tennis, I go bowling. Um, I
also do a radio show at my university.
W4: Well,
during my free time I read,
I, um, watch the news online, um, and watch TV
series and
go out with my
friends.
W5:
Er,
I
spend
most
of
my
free
time
with
my
friends
and,
just
getting
together
and
watching
films, listening to music. I like to
read a lot and I like to draw and make clothes.
Part 3
P:
How
would
you
spend
your
free
time
differently
if
you
had
more
time
or
money
or
opportunity?
M1:
I’d travel
m
ore. I’d take my children
to see
m
ore things around
the world. They’ve traveled a
little
bit,
I’ve traveled quite a lot, but I’d
like to take them to see some of the things that
the
world has to
offer.
W5: If I
had more free tim
e, I think I’d be able
to develop
my own creativity.
M3: Finding,
maybe, a bit more about my, er, my heritage. I ...
I’
m quite interested in
that, and speaking to
my parents about
how they grew up and their parents and things like
that.
W2: I
would spend more time practicing music.
W3: If I had
more time, I would travel more.
W4: If I had more free
tim
e, I’d see
more of my
friends and people that I
don
’
t get to see enough.
And I’d
probably relax and
go to the park a lot.
Part 4
P:
What are the
benefits to society of giving people more downtime
or more holidays?
W1: I think if you had more time
of
f you’d be able to do, you’d be able
to explore your mind a lot
more and
you ...
people
(would)
become
more
educated,
more
intelligent
and
more
aware
of
what
’
s
going
on
in
the
world.
W5: If we all had more free
time, I think
we’d
all be
able to let ourselves be more creative, as opposed
to
just work, work, work all the time.
W4: I think
that today when people don
’
t
work from nine to five so much anymore, I think
that more free time
would do everyone a
lot of good, um, as long as you have something to
do
with it, and you have,
kind of,
hobbies or friends to see.
W3: They would
be less stressed, I believe, because I, I think
that people are very, very stressed
nowadays.
M2:
I
think
society
benefits
from
giving
people
more
free
time
because
it
enables
them
to
lead
less
stressed lives, reduces the pressures
on them, and also increases interests, and I think
that
a
society
that
has
a
broad
range
of
interests,
a
broad
range
of
things
they
like
doing,
is
generally beneficial.
Listening
K = Katie
Derham; A = Alison Rice; C = Charlie Connolly
K:
The
buzzword
de
jour
is
“niche
travel”.
Rather
than
the
usual
beach
flopout,
we’re
turning
instead
to
a
growing
band of
small
tour
operators
offering
Thai
cooking
weeks,
trips
to
Sri
Lanka for
tea lovers, the
ultimate trekking or
trekkie experience or poignant visits to obscure
battlefields.
W
ell, I’
m joined here in the
studio
by
Alison
Rice,
who
’
s
been
a
travel
writer
for
many
years
and
Charlie
Connolly,
author
and
broadcaster,
who
among
other
things
has
traveled
the
globe
in
search
of
the
legacy
of
Elvis
Presley.
Welcome to you both. Alison,
let
’
s
start
by
turning
to
you
first.
This
definition
of
niche
travel
these
days,
what
does it mean to
you?
A: I think
som
e people would say we’re just
talking about activity holidays where, instead of
just
lying on a
beach
you
follow
a
particular
interest
or
hobby
with
like-minded
people.
Walking
holidays,
gardening,
cookery,
painting,
yoga,
bird-watching
–
you
remember
when
bird-watching
was
just
for
geeks?
There
’
s
(There’re)
masses
of
bir,
bird-
watching
holidays.
Battlefields, music, theater festivals
–
these are
all
pegs around which we can build a holiday.
C:
I
do believe
in
going to
a place
for
a
reason and
rather
than
just
cos
there
’
s
a
nice view or
something.
I’m a big
believer in people. I think people
make
a place and the atmosphere of a
place.
K:
What would your favorite
niche holidays (be) if you’ve co
me
across recently?
A:
Oh,
for
me,
it
’
s
definitely
singing.
If
you
google
“singing
holidays”,
you’ll
find
416,000
entries.
Whole
choirs
go
on
holiday
now,
or
if
you
want
to
just
join
a
choir,
you
can
join
a
holiday where
you
learn a piece, rehearse
it through the holiday, sailing down the Nile,
there is
one in Malta next
year where
you’ll be
singing
the
Messiah
... and then the
holiday ends where
you put
on a concert for the locals.
C:
There is a, a
tour you can do of Chernobyl. Um,
it
’
s,
it
’
s a one day tour from
Kiev and you get
to view
reactor number four from a hundred
meters away, and you get to visit the dead town of
Pripyat,
which
is,
there
are
schoolbooks
still
in
the
school
and
posters
up
on
the
wall,
and
calendars.
And they do say it
’
s a
hundred percent safe if you’re tested
for radiation levels when
you, when you go and when you come
back.
K:
Well,
The
Traveler
’
s
Tree
message
board
has
been
littered
with
postings
on
this
subject.
W
e’ve
heard
about fair-trade
holidays in Cuba and southern India, Inca treks.
One from a contributor
called
Portly,
who
thoroughly
enjoyed
the
historical
cruise
on
the
Black
Sea.
But
thank
you
also
to
Dilly
Gaffe
who
said,
“Never
mind niche. Give me a five-star luxury
hotel any tim
e!”
Viewing
P =
Presenter; HC = Helen Child; AT = Andy Thomas; W =
Woman; RO = Rebecca Over; KE = Kyle Emert;
DF = Dave Farris; NB = Nick Bryant; NBr
= Nick Brans;
LR = Lucia Rushton; AW = Alan Woods; KS
= Katie Siddals
P:
At
number
38
it
’
s
husky
sledding.
I’ve
come
to
Saariselk?
in
Finland
for
a
test
drive.
Absolutely beautiful here,
the snow is just like ...
it
’
s got little bits of
crystal all over it and
you
can really
take it in because the dogs
are doing all the hard work.
HC:
Just
the
sound
of
the
snow
and
the
dogs
panting
with
all
the
silence
around,
I
think
that
would be
fantastic.
AT:
T
otally silent apart from
the sound of the sleds and the
dogs
’
paws. Incredible.
W: Are you
ready?
P:
As I’ll ever be. This is
much, much more exhilarating than just
sitting in the sled. Actually, having the
dogs work for you and feeling like
you’re in or out
of control is
definitely where
it
’
s
at
Meet
Rebecca
Over,
an
estate
buyer
from
Surrey,
who
like
hundreds
of
you
crazy
people,
wanted
nothing
more
than
to
be
strapped to the outside
of a plane and take part in
your very own wing-walking display. The
craze started
when World War One pilots
would
strap their poor
girlfriends to the outside of their planes to
entertain the
crowds at air shows.
We sent Rebecca off to
Rendcomb in Gloucestershire.
RO: I’
m feeling
excited, a little bit nervous,
can
’
t wait, raring to go.
P:
So buckled
and braced, our daredevil is ready to go.
RO: The wind is
really, really strong, and
it
’
s really hard to do the
waving. It
’
s been wonderful,
an amazing
day.
P:
Still in America now and
time to go west on the legendary Route 66: 2,400
miles, eight states, three time
zones,
one incredible journey.
KE:
Once upon a time it was
the kind of the thing to do.
P:
The
famous
route
from
Chicago
to
Los
Angeles
was
used
by
thousands
of
Americans
attempting
to
flee
the
hard
times
of
the
Great
Depression,
and
for
many
it
’
s
remembered
as
the
road
to
opportunity.
DF:
I’d
love
to
experience
what
they
did
–
traveling
over
two
and
a
half
thousand
miles,
and
experience that wonderful feeling of
getting somewhere which is better.
P:
Next up
som
ething you’ve let get as high as 17
on this list.
Y
ou’re crazy;
it’
s bungee jumping.
NB:
The feeling you get when you jump off, fall off,
dive off, or whatever, is just awesome.
NBr: Just to
fly like that and just sort of end up being
stretched and bounced back up, great fun.
P:
Throughout history they’ve intrigued
mankind with tales of their mystical
powers and super intelligence;
their
legendary
curiosity
and
playfulness
have
enchanted
us
for
generations.
Thousands and thousands of
you
have
bombarded
us
with
emails
and
calls
to
say
the
number
one
thing
to
do
before
you
die
is
to
go
swimming with dolphins.
LR:
They’re absolutely
a
mazing animals. They
’re so
gentle; they’re so, um, sensitiv
e.
AW: Once you
swim with them, you don
’
t
want to ... you don
’
t want
to leave them.
KS:
A one-off, magical experience.
P:
And it was
incredible. It
’
s ...
it
’
s amazing because,
um
, they’re so responsive and they
have
um, they feel
fantastic, don
’
t
you? You feel wonderful; you feel so lovely. And
they
, they’re
so huge and so powerful and
yet so playful and, I’
m
really, really lucky to be here with them.
Speaking for communication
Role-play
W = Woman; M =
Man
W: Oh, you
must have seen it.
M:
No, I, I’ve never even heard of it.
How’
s (How does) it work?
W: W
ell, it sounds really
stupid, but I’ll try to describe it. The way it
works is that there are two
teams, with
two celebs on each team.
M: Two what?
W: Celebs. Celebrities.
M: Oh, right.
W: So anyway,
there
’
s a studio with a
swimming pool and, at the end, about 20 meters
from the pool, there
’
s a
wall, actually a giant wall covered by
another “wall”, or
maybe a sort of
curtain. M: Er, I don
’
t get
it. A wall
covered by a wall?
W: Yeah, but
it
’
s really like a single
wall.
M: OK.
W: And the two people from the first
team stand at the edge of the pool facing the
wall. Then what happens is
that the
host says, “Bring on the wall!”
M: He does what?
W:
He says,
“Bring on the wall!”
Like that, very
dramatically. Then the wall starts moving quite
fast towards
the two people.
M: ... who are in front of
the pool.
W: Yeah
and after
a
few
seconds,
the
curtain
lifts off
the wall, and
there
’
s
a
funny-shaped hole, and
they
have to get through it.
M: They have to get through
where?
W: Get through the
hole.
M: Oh.
W: They have about five seconds to get
themselves into the same position as the shape in
the hole so that it
goes past them and
they don
’
t get knocked into
the pool.
M: Uh-huh.
W: Yeah, and
that
’
s the best part because
nobody knows what shape the hole will be until the
last moment. It
could be anything
person-shaped, and ....
M: What do you mean, person-shaped?
W: Well, maybe bent over or
maybe with one foot in front of the other and one
arm up at an angle, like this.
M: So, what
’
s the
point?
W: Well, basically
the point is not to get knocked into the pool. If
they don
’
t stand exactly in
the
shape of the
hole, the wall will knock them into the
pool. The teams take it in turns to have a
go and the winning team is
the one who gets through the most
shapes.
M: Um,
it sounds pretty stupid to me.
W: You sort of have to see
it to get it. It
’
s
incredibly popular.
Further practice in
listening
Short conversations
Conversation 1
W: I really need a
holiday
, so I’
m going
camping with some friends. What are you doing over
the semester
break?
M: I
haven
’
t got any plans yet. I
don
’
t really have enough
money to fly home. I suppose I could get a
part-
time job and earn some money, or
maybe I could start studying for next semester.
Q:
What is the woman going to do over the
semester break?
Conversation 2
M: I heard that you quit
your swimming lessons. But you have paid $$120 for
them.
W: Ah,
it
’
s all these yoga
sessions. I just couldn
’
t
fit them all in. What
’
s
more, I got the majority of my fees
back because I quit immediately after
the first day.
Q:
Why did the woman quit
her swimming lessons?
Conversation 3
M: Shall we spend our
weekend in Singapore? We can leave Friday
afternoon so as to have dinner next to the
river and enjoy fireworks at the shore!
W:
I’d
rather
go
on
Saturda
y.
My
aunt
will
drop
in
on
Friday
evening.
We
haven
’
t
seen
each
other
for
a
couple of
years.
Q:
Why doesn
’
t the
woman want to leave on Friday?
Conversation 4
M: What do I
need to bring for our camping trip to the national
park?
W:
W
ell, we’ve bought the food and rented
a van. It’
s a camping vehicle with a
fridge and cooking equipment.
I think
you will need a warm sweater or jacket for the
evenings.
Q:
What does the woman suggest the man
bring for the camping trip to the park?
Conversation 5
M: Have you confirmed your booking at
the hotel in Sydney? With only three days left
before our trip, I hope
everyone is as
ready as I am!
W: Not yet. But
I’d
better call them before
we start our vacation. During this time of year
they always get
quite busy.
Q:
What will the
woman probably do before the vacation?
Long conversation
M:
Rebecca, I just learned of an amazing park right
here near our city!
W: Really? Is it a nature park or an
entertainment park?
M: It
’
s a
beautiful nature park, located 15 miles from our
home.
W:
What
’
s it called?
M: It is called Big Sky
Park and has nice walking trails and camping
sites!
W: Bill,
this
is
perfect!
We can
have a
vacation
and
still
keep
saving
money
to
visit
my
family sometime.
But, can we get to Big Sky Park without
a car?
M: Yes,
easily. We just take the No. 32 bus that goes
right to the park. The only problem will be
getting all of
our camping stuff with
us on the bus.
W: Well, I did just buy that new cart
to help carry groceries home on the bus, plus we
have your big backpack.
Together, I
think we will be fine. All of our camping
equipment should easily fit
on the bus.
M: Good. Good! I know we can make it a
really special weekend. I have longed for a time
when
we
could
walk
alone
together
in
the
quiet
beauty
of
nature.
I’
m
so,
so
happy
to
have
this
chance to be with you at
the park.
W: I know me too! I know what
I’ll
do!
I’ll
pack all of our
favorite food, and
I’ll
bake
a small
chocolate
cake.
Your
favorite!
Then
we
can
drink
tea
and
eat
the
chocolate
cake
around
a
campfire.
I’m
so
happy
you
found
Big
Sky
Park.
I
can
’
t
wait,
just
two
more
days
for
the
weekend to
come!
M: I’m so
happy as well. Big Sky Park will be wonderful. The
fire, the dinner and spending ti
me
with you
make me
such a happy, happy man, Rebecca!
Q1: What makes
Big Sky Park a nice vacation place for the couple?
Q2: How can the couple get all their
camping stuff on the bus?
Q3: What will the woman probably do
before their trip?
Q4: What
does the couple long to do at the park?
Passage 1
A new museum entirely dedicated to
laziness has opened in the capital city of
Colombia. But you
have
to
hurry
if
you
want
to
see
the
exhibits
and
find
out
about
being
lazy
because
the exhibition
lasts
only
for
one week. The unusual show displays a
whole range of things such as sofas, beds and
anything that makes
you feel like
taking a rest. There are also plenty of
televisions for those visiting couch potatoes to
watch as
they move around relaxingly in
the museum.
It
is no coincidence but rather an intentional
decision for the museum to have opened right after
the holiday
season.
The
idea
is
for
people
to
think
about
laziness,
and
perhaps
change
their
behavior
and
lifestyle
throughout the
rest of the year. It offers a practical experience
to make us think about laziness in our
high-
speed, fast-paced societies.
The
museum
’
s founder Marcela
Arrieta said she wanted people to rethink about
laziness and decide whether
it
really
is
a
bad
thing.
She
told the
media
that people
today
always
think about laziness
as an enemy of
work. For example, they
may feel guilty if they sleep late, or they may
feel they are wasting time after taking
a nap or having a holiday.
Ms. Arrieta may not be
proposing that we should have a shorter working
week, but she could have a point in
that
we
do
need
more
leisure
time
than
our
jobs
allow
us,
and
change
our
lifestyle
to
a
type
that
is
more
relaxing. Besides,
according to scientists, avoiding the pressure and
stress of work can make us healthier and
live longer. So, why not try out Ms.
Arrieta
’
s advice for
yourself, slow down, and think about being lazy?
Q1:
Why
should
visitors
be
hurried
if
they
want
to
see
the
exhibits
in
the
new
museum
in
Colombia
’
s
capital?
Q2:
What are exhibited in the new museum?
Q3: What is the purpose of
the exhibition?
Q4: What
did the museum
’
s founder
advise us to do?
Passage 2
and answers
A
solution
may
be
at
hand
for
holidaymakers
who
are
struggling
to
find
quiet,
out-
of-the- way places to
go. For those who
really want to get away from the crowded and much-
traveled 1) resorts, they now find it
possible
because
a
new
holiday
destination
has
2)
sprung
up
–
Antarctica.
However,
this
new
hotspot,
or
freezing zone, might only be for those
who are fabulously rich if a new policy gets under
way. Tourism on
Antarctica has been
increasing 3) dramatically, from a few thousand
people
in
1985
to
more
than
40,000 in
2007.
The
growing
numbers
are
4)
having
an adverse
effect
on
the
untouched
environment
of
the
South
Pole.
To
5)
combat
this,
researchers
from
Holland
’
s
Maastricht
University
have
come
up
with
a
sensible
solution: Limit the number of tourists
allowed to visit and hawk the vacations to those
who are determined to
go and are
willing to offer higher amounts of money than
others for the trip.
Many
environmental
protection
agencies
agree
that
there
is
a
need
to
protect
the
frozen
6)
wilderness
from the damage
created by modern tourism. Antarctica is the last
7) unspoiled place on
earth.
It
has
a
very
delicate
ecosystem
that
could
be
easily
upset
by
8)
streams
of
tourists
landing
in
airplanes
and
using
skimobiles. A
difficulty exists because Antarctica is not a
country and therefore has no government to pass
laws
or
9)
guidelines
to
control
the
number
of
visitors.
The
Maastricht
University
team
’
s
proposal
to
10)
auction
off
a
fixed
number
of
tourist
places
seems
a
workable
solution.
It
would
limit
the
number
of
visitors and therefore contain the
amount of environmental damage, and the money
would be used to protect
Antarctica
’
s
future.
Unit 4 Solving problems &
seeking happiness
Listening to the world
Sharing
V = Val; M1 = Man 1, etc.;
W1 = Woman 1, etc.
Part 1
V:
Hi.
I’
m Val and I work as a producer for
the BBC here in London. I like living in London,
but it
can
be
quite
expensive.
Today
I’
m
talking
to
people
about
money
and
happiness.
Do
you
think
money
makes
you happy?
Part 2
M1: No. Money
can
enhance
happiness,
but happiness
is about
family,
friends,
enjoyment,
and money can
only help that
–
it
doesn
’
t make you happy.
W1:
I
don
’
t
think
that
money
makes
you
happy,
but
it
can
enable
you
to
do
more
things
which
could
make
you a happier person.
M2:
I
think
that
lack
of
money
makes
people
unhappy,
and
I
think
that
people
need
money
in
order
to
get the things that make
them happy, but money itself I
don
’
t think makes people
happy.
W2: I think money
wouldn
’
t make you happy, er,
won
’
t give you happiness
directly, but I think it
could give
you a little
help, sometimes, to do things that you like. Yes.
W3: I
think
money
can
’
t
make
you
happy
at
the
end
of
the
day
if
you
don
’
t
have
family
and
friends to
share
your money with and to have a good time with.
W4: Um,
money
would
probably
contribute
to
my
happiness,
but
certainly
not
make
me
fully
happy.
M3:
Er,
money
makes
a
huge
difference
as
to
how
happy
you
can
be,
er,
but
fundamentally
happiness
doesn
’
t come from
just having money: Happiness comes from being able
to do the
things that
content you.
Part 3
V:
What things are more
important than money?
M1: Family. I believe family is more
important than money. Family can enhance your
life: your parents,
your
siblings,
your
children.
Hearing
your
child
laugh
on
a
bad
day
will
brighten
your mood: It does for me.
My, my sons
’
laughing together makes me feel wonderful.
W1: Love is
more important than money. I think family is
really important and, and having, like, a
nurturing
environment to grow up in.
M2: Security, er, having a
stable family, feeling at ease with yourself,
feeling at ease with other
people.
W4: I
believe that health is much more important than
money.
M3:
Being able to er, enjoy your particular set of
circumstances: Feel contentment. Er
, if
you’re a
family man,
being
able
to
spend
time
with
the
family:
Er,
money
is
there,
but
it
’
s
the
family
itself
that
makes
the
difference.
W3: Your family
, your
friends, having good health and feeling satisfied
with what you’re doing in
your life
and I think money
can
’
t give you that.
Part 4
V:
Should wealthy people be taxed more to
support the poor?
M1: Um, depending on how rich they are:
I think the richer they are, the more they should
pay.
M2: Yes, undoubtedly.
Ah, I’
m a strong believer in
a progressive system of taxation.
W3:
I
think
that
some
people
just
come
from
a
much
more
disadvantaged
background
and
they
need
an
extra push and some extra money to be
able to get ahead.
M3: Whether the poor could do anything
for themselves is, is the crucial question. And if
the poor can
’
t do er,
anything
for
themselves,
then
finding
a
way
in
which
er,
the
other
end
of
the
spectrum can help them is
important, yes. I would stop short at
saying, “
Yes, you should tax
the rich,” though “to pay
for the poo
r
.”
W2: I think,
yes, there is a big difference in between the rich
and the poor, and I think, if, if
it
’
s
possible, the
rich are
supposed to give a little bit more for the poor
and then perhaps we can
have a more equal world.
Listening
S1
= Speaker 1, etc.
S1:
I really
can
’
t see the problem. The
first thing I did when it all began was I tried to
find my
house on the
website
but
they
hadn
’
t
brought
the
camera
van
down
our
road
yet,
so
I
was
quite disappointed. For me,
it
’
s great
because it means I can go and look at things like
hotels
or even cities
before I go on holiday ... and
anyway
if someone wanted to look at my house,
they could just drive past it or walk
past it, so I can
’
t see the
problem.
S2:
It
’
s
obvious,
isn
’
t
it?
I
m
ean,
they’re
(they’ve)
nothing
to
do
with
safet
y
.
They’re
just
used
by
the
government to make
money. I mean, look at the statistics. In the last
year, in my area four
cameras
have
been
placed
along
one
stretch
of
road,
and
you
know
what,
the
number
of
accidents
has
doubled.
So
they
obviously
don
’
t
work
as
a
deterrent.
And
now
your
car
number plate can be logged
so that they can keep
track
of
you
wherever
you
go.
I
hate
it
–
I
hate
being
watchedlike
that.
It
’
s
just
another
example
of
our
surveillance society.
S3:
The way I
see it, it
’
s an invasion of
privacy. It means whenever I go to the
supermarket, it
’
s
recorded on
a
chip som
ewhere and they can find out
exactly what I’ve bought. Why should
people have the right to
know
what kind of food I eat? Or get my
details and then send
me
junk mail? I certainly
don
’
t want to be sent
adverts
from
companies
I
don
’
t
know.
And
this
is
just
the
start ...
I
expect
next
thing
you
know,
the
technology will be used to tell us what
we
can and
can
’
t eat.
S4:
Me,
I’
m
glad they’re there.
A few months ago I was robbed by two
men at a bus stop not far
from where
I live, but
thanks to CCTV
, the people who did it
were all arrested. Um, it was a
bad experience, but at least
they didn
’
t get
away with it. And you see it in the news all the
time
–
that more
crimes are being solved
because of CCTV cameras. I think we
should have
more of them.
Most people are law-abiding anyway so
they’ve got no need to
worr
y.
S5:
I
actually
think
it
’
s
an
important
development.
There
was
a
case
recently,
where
there
was
this big
demonstration
and
lots
of
people
took
photos
and
these
were
sent
to
the
media.
So
it
means
that
demonstrators
and
the
police
–
everyone
has
to
be
more
careful
because
their
photos
might
be
sent
to
the
newspapers
or
posted
online.
So
in
general,
yeah,
I
feel
it
’
s
a
good thing.
Viewing
M = Mark
Easton; K = Professor Kahneman; I = Interviewee; T
= Professor Tim Jackson
M:
We work, we buy, consume, and die. We
don
’
t know why. The science
of happiness says the
answer is to
rethink
everything. The rat race: Give it up. The rich:
Tax them. Holidays: Take
more.
In
short,
transform
the
way
we
live.
New
York
City,
capital
of
the
consumerist
world
where status has a designer
label sewn
inside, but does happiness
come in a gift-wrapped box?
And if it
doesn
’
t, what on earth are
we all doing?
K:
It
’
s
a
fundamental
fact
in
the
happiness
research:
The
standard
of
living
has
increased
dramatically
and,
ah,
happiness
has
increased
not
at
all,
and
in
some
cases
has
diminished
slightly.
I
mean
there
is
a
lot
of
evidence
that,
ah,
being
richer
hasn
’
t
made
us,
that
isn
’
t
making
us
happier
at
least in the Western
world, so we clearly need something else.
M:
It
’
s
a
huge
claim.
Put
simply,
the
science
shows
that
once
average
incomes
are
more
than
10,000
pounds
a
year,
extra
riches
don
’
t
make
a
country
any
happier.
We
are
stuck
on
a
treadmill.
In
our
search for
happiness we work longer, commute further, to get
richer, to buy
more. And
yet the science of
happiness suggests
we should do exactly the opposite.
I:
If only we
could learn as a society to slow down we might all
be able to become happier if we
could all
take more leisure
together.
T:
The, the assumption that economic
growth delivers happiness is suspect. The
assumption that
consumer
goods
can
fulfill
all
these
tasks
for
us
–
social,
psychological
tasks,
a
sense
of
the
meaning
of
my
life
through
material
possessions,
is
deeply
suspect, and if
we
want
to
make
progress
in
human
terms,
if
we
want
to
approach
happiness
in
any
degree,
then
it
is
these
assumptions that we have to re-examine.
M:
It
is
starting
to
happen.
Politicians
are
realizing
that
making
people
happy
is
as
important
as
making
people rich. The next
task, though, is working out how to convince us
all to change the
way we
live.
Speaking for communication
Role-play
Conversation 1
W: Do you think
you would ever have cosmetic surgery?
M: Me? No, I
don
’t think so. I’m really against
it.
Actually, I think
it
’
s stu (stupid).
W: Really, why?
M: What? It can be quite
dangerous
–
some of the
implants you can have, from.
W: Yeah, I know what you mean.
M: Well,
take
the
case
of
Mike
’
s
girlfriend.
She
actually
had
some
Botox
injections
in
her
forehead.
W: Did
she?
M: Yeah,
and she couldn
’
t, you know
she couldn
’
t.
W:
Couldn
’
t move her face?
M: Yeah, she
couldn
’
t smile or frown
–
her face was just frozen
solid.
W: Hmm,
although
if
someone
’
s
really,
really
overweight
and
it
becomes
a
health
problem,
do you think
maybe then they should have some kind
of surgery, you know, such as liposuction to
get rid of fat?
M: Oh I see, for health
reasons maybe, yes, I suppose so. I, I
m
ean you’ve got a point there, but
I
still
don
’
t
like the
sound of it. I wouldn
’
t do
it myself.
W:
Hmm, I might, if it was to do with my health.
Conversation 2
W: Do you ever download music for free?
M:
What?
You
mean
illegally?
No,
I
think
I’m
probably
one
of
the
few
people
that
don
’
t
do
it.
I’ve
always paid whether
it
’
s the track price or the
album price.
W:
Why? I mean nobody I know pays.
M: Yeah, well, the way I see it,
it
’
s just theft,
isn
’
t it? I mean.
W: Oh, I totally disagree.
M: I mean, artists have
copyright on their songs,
so you’re
stealing from the
m.
It
’
s as simple as that.
W: But
it
’
s a well-known fact that
musicians get very little money from CD sales
anyway. So they don
’
t lose
out. I mean, they want people to hear
their music.
M:
Hmm
. I’
m not so sure about
that. If people share the music without paying,
how can musicians make any
money?
W: Well, the
famous ones, they don
’
t need
more money and for newer groups, file sharing is
the way they get
known, so they
don
’
t have to spend a
fortune, you know, on things like record
companies and managers and
...
M: What?
Yeah, but ...
W: ...
anyway, nowadays singers and groups make most of
their money from concerts.
M: Hmm.
I’
m still
not convinced. Are, aren
’
t
you worried about being found out? For instance,
what
about
that
woman
in
America?
Because
of
the
hundreds
of
tracks
she
downloaded
illegally,
she
got
fined
something like two million dollars.
W: Two million
dollars? Ouch!
M: Yeah, so
m
aybe you’d better think
again.
W: Hmm.
Conversation 3
M: Have you seen this plan
in the local paper for changes to the city center?
W: Um, oh, you
mean the idea to ban cars from the center?
M: Yes, and
only allowing buses. What do you think of the
idea?
W:
Oh,
I’
m
in
favor
of
it.
I
think
it’d
be
really
good
for
the
environment,
you
know
for
cutting
down
pollution.
M: Hmm. Well, I
don
’
t know, apparently
it
’
s been shown that buses
are more polluting than cars.
W: How can they be? But,
well, even if they are at the moment, it seems to
m
e that they’re bound
to get
better,
you know
, they’ll
get replaced with electric buses
or
something like that.
M: Hmm, maybe.
W: Does that m
ean you’re
against it?
M: Yes, on balance, I think I am. I
mean, according to the article, when they did a
trial in another town, there
was a
reduction in shop sales
–
apparently almost 10 percent.
W: That
doesn
’
t sound right, if more
people came in on buses. I suppose the main thing
is to put money into
making sure you
have a good public transport system.
M: OK, I mean I agree to
some extent, but actually, I think the town center
works perfectly fine as it is.
W: But
it
’
s clogged up. You know,
you can
’
t move;
it
’
s polluted.
M: It
’s a bit
clogged up, but if you’re patient you eventually
find so
mewhere to park.
W: Ah, I just hope
they decide soon.
M: Yeah.
Group
discussion
W = Woman; M =
Man
W: Excuse me. Hello, sorry to bother
you. Have you got a minute?
M: Ah, yeah sure.
W: Um, do you mind if I ask
you som
e questions? I’
m just
doing a survey on happiness.
M: Right.
W
: I’ll read out
the questions to you, and you can just
tell me what you think if
that
’
s OK.
M: Yeah, fine.
W:
Great.
Um
,
could
you
look
at
this
list
of
five
things,
so
you’ve
got,
ah,
nu
mber
one
car,
then
two
is
friendship,
three
good
food,
four
money,
and
five
free
time.
So
which
two
of
these
would
you
find
it
(find) the most difficult
to live without?
M: Um, which two, the most difficult to
live without?
W: Yes.
M: Ah,
well I couldn
’t live without
friendship. I’
m
, I’m a very
social ani
mal. I need, um, family and
friends
around
me,
so it
can
’
t
be that
one. Um
–
oh no
sorry
that is, to
live without ...
yes ...
W: That
’
s one.
M: That is one, so ...
W: Then we just need one
more.
M: ... friendship is
definitely one of them. Ah ...
W: Yes, number two, OK.
M: Oh,
that
’
s difficult. Free time,
I don
’
t have any anyway. Ah,
I could lose the car. I think that
wouldn
’
t be a
problem. Um, do you know what ...
W: How about money?
M: ... sad as it is,
it
’
s probably money, because
money actually ...
W:
Money, yeah, most people ...
M: ... you know leads to happiness in,
in indirect ways I think.
W:
OK, so I’
m
gonna put number two and number four for that one.
And also how happy would you say you
are, on a scale of one to five, five
being very happy?
M: Today or just generally?
W: I think generally.
M: Oh generally OK, um, oh, ah, three
or four, um
–
three and a
half.
W: Ah.
M: Can I have
half?
W: No.
M: Oh, OK. Um
, well you’ve
made
m
e laugh. I’ll have
fou
r.
W: Oh,
lovely
. I’ll put you down for
fou
r. And what would you say is missing
from your life, so what would
make you
happier?
M: Ah, probably,
ah, working nearer to home?
W: OK.
M: That
’
s, I
think you know ... just generally the time that
would give me ...
W: Right.
M: ... with family.
W: So maybe it
’
s
free time then ...
M: Yeah,
yeah.
W: ... more of that.
OK that
’
s lovely. Thank you
ever so much for taking part. Really do appreciate
it.
M: Y
ou’re
welcome.
W: OK, bye-bye.
Further practice in
listening
Short conversations
Conversation 1
M:
I
think
the
government
could
provide
some
money
for
homeless
people
to
build
their
own
homes.
Homeless people would find it easier to
get jobs if they had an address.
W:
It
’
s not a bad idea. But I
wonder where the money will come from.
Q:
What does the
man think the government could do?
Conversation 2
W: You
see,
some
colleagues
are
not
as
active
and
efficient
as
usual
and
few
have
made
any
progress in
their business recently.
M: Why
don
’
t we organize some
social activities, such as a baseball match? Our
colleagues can learn to help
and
cooperate with one another.
Q:
What does the
man suggest to change the situation?
Conversation 3
W: I need to go
across town, but the traffic is so heavy at this
time of day.
M:
When you take the subway, you
don
’
t have to deal with
traffic. I never drive home. Driving at this time
may be slower than walking.
Q:
What does the
man suggest the woman do?
Conversation 4
W: Have you heard? Kate quit her job
and went to Africa to work as a volunteer!
M:
Really?
I
really
admire
her
courage.
I
think
we
should
all
extend
an
arm
of
help,
love
and
compassion to help poor
people become self-reliant financially and
psychologically.
Q:
What does the man think
we all should do?
Conversation 5
W:
You
know
there
are
many
creative
ways
to
reuse
items.
For
example,
old
shoe
boxes
can
be
used
for
storage
and plastic containers can be used for growing
plants.
M: I
never realized that we could be so green. I just
learned to recycle glass bottles.
Q:
What are the
two speakers talking about?
Long
conversation
W: Hey, John! Everything
OK? You look upset.
M: Oh, hi Kate. I was in the cafeteria
eating alone. James from accounting walked by, sat
down to eat at the
table right next to
me
–
didn
’
t say a single word to
me. I wondered why.
W: Is that the main thing stressing you
out, John?
M:
No, I was silly to feel bad about that. What I am
stressed about is my workload. My manager, Steven,
is a
great guy. He always counts on me
to get the work done. But I have five meetings
this week and two big
projects to complete by next Monday. I
don
’t see how I can finish.
I’m
really
worried I’ll let my team down.
W: I have some
free time on Friday and over the weekend. I can
help you with your extra work if
you’d like.
I know that
feeling of being overwhelmed with work.
It
’s awful. I’d like to
help.
M: Really? Y
ou’d do that for
me?
W: Of course
I will! John, a lot of us really admire your work.
Some of us have asked to work on your team.
Y
ou’re a great
exa
mple to us, John. You
shouldn
’t doubt yourself.
I’
m glad to help
out.
M: Wow, Kate. Thanks!
W: We could ... discuss it over dinner
on Thursday. My treat!
M:
Wow. No ... I mean I get to buy dinner, Kate! How
about the new restaurant on 6th Street, 365?
It
’
s
called
365
because
it
offers
local,
seasonal
foods
–
fall,
winter,
spring,
and
summer
–
healthy
choices with wonderful fresh fruits and
vegetables. Let
’
s meet at 7
p.m.
W: Sounds
wonderful! Thursday, 7 p.m. at the new restaurant
365 on 6th Street. Perfect!
Q1: Why does
the man look upset?
Q2: How does the woman say she can help
the man?
Q3: What advice
does the woman give to the man?
Q4: Why is the restaurant called 365?
Passage 1
More than half of working Americans are
dissatisfied with their jobs, according to a
survey. That
’
s
bad
news
for
employers
because
workers
’
discontent
can
hurt
productivity
and
hinder innovation.
Lynn Franco,
co-author of the report, says
Americans
’
job satisfaction
is at its lowest level in more
than
two
decades:
Only
45.3
percent
of
workers
say
they
are
satisfied
with
their
jobs
compared
with
61
percent
in 1987.
The
report
was
produced
by
the
Conference
Board,
a
non-profit
organization
that
helps
businesses
strengthen their performance. It is
based on a survey of 5,000 US households. It shows
a drop in satisfaction
in
many
aspects
of
an
employee
’
s
work
life,
including
interest
in
the
job,
dealing
with
co-
workers
and
bosses,
commuting
and
job
security.
As
a
group,
neither
young
people
who
are
just
entering
the
workforce nor employees
who are about to retire, Franco says, are happy
with what they do.
Only
about 36 percent of workers under the age of 25
say they are currently satisfied with their jobs.
And
it
’
s not
much better among
baby
boomers. Twenty
years ago, more than 50
percent of baby boomers were
satisfied.
Today, that
’
s down to 46
percent.
The
most satisfied group of workers in the survey was
those aged 25 to 34. Franco suggests that they may
see
some opportunities for upward
mobility as baby boomers retire.
The Conference
Board
survey
also
asked
about
the
reasons
behind
job
dissatisfaction. There
are
economic
reasons
such
as
wages,
promotion
policy
and
bonus
policy
that
are
sort
of
adding
to
this
level
of
dissatisfaction.
In
addition,
workers
are
also
dissatisfied
with
the
benefits:
vacation
policy,
family-related
leave time,
work schedule flexibility, and a variety of other
factors as well.
Q1: What negative effect
can be caused by workers
’
discontent?
Q2:
What percentage of American workers are satisfied
with their jobs as found by the survey?
Q3: Why is it that people
aged 25 to 34 are most satisfied with their jobs?
Q4: What can we
conclude about the reasons behind job
dissatisfaction?
Passage 2
and answers
In
recent
years,
doctors
have
focused
on
the
growing
rate
of
diabetes
among
children
and young people.
But
the
most
common
kind
of
diabetes,
type
II,
is
more
1)
prevalent
as
people
grow
older
and
gain
more
weight. Before you know it, there is
more fat around the waist and hips than you
remembered. The statistics
are 2) scary
enough to make you want to stop eating
immediately.
The
World
Health
Organization
says
by
2015,
more
than
two
billion
adults
will
be
overweight
and
700
million
will
3)
be
classified
as
obese.
Being
overweight
or
obese
is
an
expanding problem in many
countries.
Less physical activity and foods high in fat and
sugar are considered as causes for this global 4)
epidemic.
Some
researchers
studied
how
body
composition,
the
5)
ratio
of
lean
tissue
to
fat,
and
increased
weight affected
the risk of diabetes in more than 4,000 adults,
aged 65 and older.
At
the
beginning
of
the
study,
none
of
the
participants
had
been
6)
diagnosed
with
diabetes.
Researchers
assess the
relationship between being overweight and the
disease through 7) keeping track of their body
mass
index.
According to researchers, even among
adults over the age of 75, having a higher body
mass index 8) was still
associated with
a considerably higher risk of diabetes. Men who
were obese had a five and a half times higher
risk of diabetes than those who were
just overweight. For women, the risk was about
three and a half times
higher.
As hard as it
might be, making sure your weight stays at a
healthy level is the only way to keep the risk of
diabetes down. The results 9) affirm
the importance of weight control during the middle
and
later
stages
of
life
10)
in
terms
of
reducing
diabetes
risks.
The
study
has
sent
a
warning
signal
to
those
who
don
’
t
think that there is much connection
between their waists and their health.
Unit 5 Art
expands horizons
Listening to the world
Sharing
V = Val; M1 = Man 1, etc.;
W1 = Woman 1, etc.
Part 1
V:
Hi. I enjoy lots of areas of the arts,
particularly photography and dance. I go to a lot
of art and photography
exhibitions,
and
I
like
the
small,
intimate
ones
the
most.
Today,
I’m
at
Tate
Modern in
central London
asking people about the
arts. What areas of the arts do you enjoy?
Part 2
M1: Um, I particularly like
painting, sculpture and dance.
W1:
Well,
I
very
much
enjoy
theater
and
reading
and
when
I
get
the
opportunity,
to
go
and
see
some
pictures.
W2: I really enjoy photography. Er, I
studied that at college.
W3:
I
enjoy
all
sorts
of
art,
but
at,
at
the
moment
I
am
doing
a
Master
of Arts
in
contemporary
art.
M2:
Particularly I like literature; I like
books. But I enjoy most areas of the music, too.
M3:
I
like
drawing,
actually:
er,
sketches
of
people
’
s
faces,
I
love
that.
And,
and
sculpture:
anything
in wood and stone, I enjoy that.
W4:
I’
m
, I’m an illustration
student, so I enjoy e
r, contemporary
graphic art and, um, illustration and drawing.
M4:
All, all
kinds, I m
ean, I’
m a graphic
designer by profession: er, but visual arts, all
kinds of visual arts.
Um, also,
illustration, websites, I mean
it
’
s,
it
’
s art everywhere now;
it
’
s kind of
ubiquitous.
Part 3
V:
Tell us about a recent
exhibition or performance you went to.
M1: Er, yeah, I went to see Michael
Clark at the Sadler
’
s Wells
which was um, a sort of, yeah, a mixture of
modern dance and ballet with, kind of,
contemporary music and lots of, kind of,
mad costumes.
W1: It
was
a
performance
of
Oh!
What
a
Wonderful
War
(
Oh!
What
a
Lovely
War
)
um,
by
a
company
whose
name I can
’
t
remember and er, which I
didn
’
t enjoy
very much.
W3: I’ve just been to the Saatchi
Gallery and I saw so
me Indian art, some
contemporary Indian art
which was
extremely
interesting.
M4: I saw the
Dieter Rams exhibition
recently
–
that was at the
Design Museum.
W4:
A
print
show
at
Somerset
House,
which
is
a
collection
of
um,
illustration
collectives
and
printmakers.
M3: Well, the last thing I went to see
was Spy monkey, who are a physical theater kind,
kind of improvisation
comedy group, and
they were doing their version of
Moby
Dick
at one of the
London theaters, and it was
fantastic ’cause I was only second row
–
right bang in the middle,
second row. So, great performance,
great
night.
Part 4
V:
Do you think the arts are
important?
W1: Very
m
uch so, yes, they’re part of our
culture.
We all need art, need arts to
enrich ourselves spiritually,
really.
And to expand our horizons: to learn about other
people, other cultures ... Terribly important.
M3:
I think it
was, was Einstein who said that imagination is
more important than intellect. So, in
a world
without arts,
where
’
s the imagination?