关键词不能为空

当前您在: 主页 > 英语 >

The Elements of Style中文版

作者:高考题库网
来源:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao
2021-02-28 05:35
tags:

-

2021年2月28日发(作者:dating)


前言



肯定地说,


一个 人只有知道规则的情况下才能去打破它,


这句经典引用是任何一个学生和认


真的作者所必须懂得的。


这本书的目的是在有写作的练习加上文学的学习中得 到应用,


它用


简洁的话语给出了简明英语风格最主要的要求,< /p>


在规则的使用时的细致的注意事项,


以及最


可能共同违反的作文的原则。



第一章



简介



这本书的意图是在英语课上使用,


作为英语作文的联系以及对文 学的学习。


它旨在用简洁的


方式给出简明英语最基本的要求。< /p>


它的目的是通过将学生和老师的注意力都集中到


(第二三


章)一些基本的要素,应用规则,以及人们共同的犯的作文的基本规则,来减轻老师和学生


的负担。节选的片段可能用作修正过的手稿的引用。



这本书仅仅包含英语风格领域的一小部分,


但是作者的体验是一旦能够掌握这些 细节,


学生


将会通过基于他们自己自己作品中的问题的个人指导 受益匪浅,


每个老师都有他们自己的理


论,他也会更喜欢这个在 某本书中给出的方法。



在准备这本书的手稿时,作者在康内尔 大学英语系的同事给与了作者很大的帮助。


Mr.


George McLaneWood


非常爽快地同意在规则< /p>


11


中包含的一些内容来自于他的


Sug gestions to


Authors.


下面的这些书籍可以作为更进一步学习的参考:


in


connection


with


Chapters


II


and


IV,


F.


Howard Collins, Author and Printer (Henry Frowde); Chicago University Press, Manual of Style;


T.


L.


De


Vinne,


Correct


Composition


(The


Century


Company);


Horace


Hart,


Rules


for


Compositors


and


Printers


(Oxford


University


Press);


George


McLane


Wood,


Extracts


from


the


Style- Book of the Government Printing Office (United States Geological Survey); in connection


with Chapters III and V


, Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, The Art of Writing (Putnams), especially the


chapter,


Interlude


on


Jargon;


George


McLaneWood,


Suggestions


to


Authors


(United


States


Geological Survey); John Leslie Hall, English Usage (Scott, Foresman and Co.); James P. Kelly,


Workmanship in Words (Little, Brown and Co.).


有个古老的观察:最好的作者有时会忽视修辞的规则 。然而,


当他们这么做的时候,读者将


会通常在句子中发现一些 修正的好处,


得到了违反规则的耗费。


如果他也不确定这样做,



他遵守这些规则会做得最好。


在他学 习这些规则之后,


经过这些规则的指导,


在每天的使用


中写出足够多的简明英语,让他看看,为了了解风格秘密,得学习文学的控制。

< br>


II.


基本的使用规则



1.


单数名词所有格后加



的形式



当名词的最后音节为辅音时,遵循这样的规则。这样写:



Charles's friend



Burns's poems


the witch's malice


这是美国联邦政府印刷局和剑桥大学出版社的使用方式。



例外是传统的专有名词所有格使用“


-es


”和“


-is




Jesus'


所有格以及这样的一些形式,


如:


for


conscience'


sake,


for


righteousness'


sake

。但是,这些形式(


Achilles'


heel,


Moses' laws, Isis' temple


)完全能够用下面的这些形式代替:



the heel of Achilles



the laws of Moses


the temple of Isis


代词所有格没有撇号使用方式,如:


hers, its, theirs, yours,




oneself


2.


除了最后一个 ,三个或者更多的一系列词语使用逗号连接在每个词语后面。



这样写:



red, white, and blue



honest, energetic, but headstrong


He opened the letter, read it, and made a note of its contents.


这也是美国联邦政府印刷局和剑桥大学出版社的使用方式。



如果是厂商的名字,那么最后一个逗号将省略,如:



Brown, Shipley and Company


在 缩写


etc


之前如果是单数,那么一般也要加上逗号。



3.


两个逗号之间的附加说明



The best way to see a country, unless you are pressed for time, is to travel on foot.


这条规则应用起来是有难度的。


它的困难之处在于你要频繁的去决定 一个简单的词语,


例如


however


,或者一个简短的短语,是否为附加说明。如果这种插入对于句子的流畅性是一种


轻微的 间断,那么作者就可以放心地省略那些逗号。但是不管这种间断是轻微还是重要的,


都不 能省略其中的一个而去留下另外一个逗号。这样的标点符号例子如:



Marjorie's husband, Colonel Nelson paid us a visit yesterday,


或者



My brother you will be pleased to hear, is now in perfect health,


都是站不住脚的。



与这条规则相一致的是,非限定性定语从句被逗号分开。



The audience, which had at first been indifferent, became more and more interested.


相似的从句由


when



where


引起,同样加上逗号。



In 1769, when Napoleon was born, Corsica had but recently been acquired by France.



Nether


Stowey,


where


Coleridge


wrote


The


Rime


of


the


Ancient


Mariner,


is


a


few


miles


from


Bridgewater.


在这些句子中,从句是由


which



where



when


引起的非限定性从句。它们并不是限定从


句所依赖而使用的词语,


而是对主句的增加性,附带性,


补充性说明。


每个句子都是两个独


立句子的组合。



The audience was at first indifferent. Later it became more and more interested.



Napoleon was born in 1769. At that time Corsica had but recently been acquired by France.


Coleridge wrote The Rime of the Ancient Mariner at Nether Stowey. Nether Stowey is only a few


miles from Bridgewater.


限定性定语从句不能用逗号隔开。



The candidate who best meets these requirements will obtain the place.


在这个 句子中,定语从句限定单词


candidate


为一个单数人, 与前面提到的不同的是,这样


的句子不能分割成两个独立的句子。



缩写词


etc


< br>jr


之前也通常会加上逗号,除非在句子的末尾,由一个单数跟随。



(例如:


Synonymous with illegal: used with instruction code, character, etc.




The place was a blazing, raging, roaring, etc inferno.




The city's bright lights, theatres, films, etc, are great attractions





与在逗号之间插入附加说明表达方式的原则相似的是在一句话的主句上前置或者后置一系


列用逗号隔开的独立的句子。


这一部分所引用的句子和在第

< p>
4,5,6,7,16



18

原则下所引用的


例子能够有充分的指导。



如果前置的附加说明的表达是由一个连接词组成,


请在连接词之前放置第一个逗 号,


而在其


后面则不需要。



He saw us coming, and unaware that we had learned of his treachery, greeted us with a smile.


4.


通过


and


或者


but


引入一个独立的句子时,在


and


或者


but


之 前加上逗号。



The early records of the city have disappeared, and the story of its first


years can no longer be


reconstructed.



The situation is perilous, but there is still one chance of escape.


这种独立与上下文的句子 ,


可能根据需要要进行重写。


由于逗号之前的句子具有完整的语 义,


第二个从句便有了事后补充的表象。更进一步说,


and< /p>


是最无特殊之处的连接词。它用于两


个独立的句子之间,


它意味着在这两个句子之间只是一种没有被说明的联系。


上面提到的例< /p>


子中,这种联系表现为原因和结果。这两个句子可以重写为:



As


the


early


records


of


the


city


have


disappeared,


the


story


of


its


first


years


can


no


longer


be


reconstructed.



Although the situation is perilous, there is still one chance of escape.


或者从句由短语代替:



Owing to the disappearance of the early records of the city, the story of its first years can no longer


be reconstructed.



In this perilous situation, there is still one chance of escape.


但是,

< br>作者可能在使他写的句子一致地紧凑和完整时会产生错误,


一个随意的松散句子能 够


使作者的风格避免于太过正式,


给读者一种轻松的感觉。


因此,


松散的这种风格很容易成为


一种共同 的风格————自然的写作。


但是作者应该注意的是在这些类型的句子之后不要去


构造过多的他自己的句子。


(请看第


14


条规则)




两部分组成的句子由像这些词语引起的


as (


意思是


because), for, or, nor, and while (


意思是


and


at the same time)


句子的第二部分都需要在连接词之前加上逗号。


< /p>


如果是独立的句子,


或者引导短语需要用逗号分开,


请在第二个独立的句子之前,


而在连接


词之后不需要 逗号。



The situation is perilous, but if we are prepared to act promptly, there is still one chance of escape.


对于由副词连接的两部分类型句子,请看下一节。



5.


不要利用逗号加入独立的分句


< /p>


如果两个或者更多的分句在语法上说是完整的,


那么不要加入连接 词,


而是使其成为一个简


单的并列复合句,恰当的标点符号是分 号。



Stevenson's romances are entertaining; they are full of exciting adventures.



It is nearly half past five; we cannot reach town before dark.


将上面的复合句各自写成两个句子,用句号代替分号,这当然是正确的。



Stevenson's romances are entertaining. They are full of exciting adventures.



It is nearly half past five. We cannot reach town before dark.


如果要加入连接词,合适的标点符号是逗号。


(规则

< p>
4




Stevenson's romances are entertaining, for they are full of exciting adventures.



It is nearly half past five, and we cannot reach town before dark.


注意:如果第二个分句是由


accordingly, besides, so, then, therefore,


或者



thus


这样副词,而


不是由连接词引起的,则仍然需要用到分号。



I had never been in the place before; so I had difficulty in finding my way about.

< p>
通常来说,在写作中,避免以这种方式使用


so


无 论怎样都是最好的。那些使用全面使用它


的作者可能经常会用到它,这是危险的。放弃使 用


so


,而在第一个分句之前使用


as


,这种


简单的修正是可行的:



As I had never been in the place before, I had difficulty in finding my way about.


如果分句是很短的,并且在形式上很像,那么逗号也是可以的:



Man proposes, God disposes.



The gate swung apart, the bridge fell, the portcullis was drawn up.


6.


不要将句子拆分成两部分



换句话说,不要使用句号代替逗号。



I met them on a Cunard liner several years ago. Coming home from Liverpool to New York.



He was an interesting talker. A man who had traveled all over the world, and lived in half a dozen


countries.


在这两个例子中,第一个句号都应该被逗号代替,以及后面的单词应以小写字母开头。



一个句子为了达到强调一个单词或者表达式的目的,相应地加上了标 点,这是可以的。



Again and again he called out. No reply.


无论如何,作者都必须确信强调是受到 保证的,他并不只是怀疑标点符号方面的错误。



规则


3,4,5



6


包括了 普通句子标点符号方面的最重要的原则。它们必须被熟练的掌握,以


至于让它们成为一种 老的习惯。



7.


句子开头的分词短语 必须与主语相关。



Walking slowly down the road, he saw a woman accompanied by two children.


单词


walking

与这句话的主语相关,而不是


woman


。如果作者想与< /p>


woman


相关,那么作者


必须彻底重写 这句话:



He saw a woman, accompanied by two children, walking slowly down the road.


分词短语由连接词或者介词引导,


名词同 位语,


形容词以及形容词短语,


如果放在句子开头,

< p>
也遵循同样的规则。




On arriving in Chicago, his


When he arrived (or, On his


friends met him at the station.


arrival) in Chicago, his


friends met him at the station.


A soldier of proved valor,


they entrusted him with the


defence of the city.


A soldier of proved valor, he


was entrusted with the


defence of the city.


Young and inexperienced, the


Young and inexperienced, I


task seemed easy to me.


thought the task easy.


Without a friend to counsel


him, the temptation proved


irresistible.


Without a friend to counsel


him, he found the temptation


irresistible.



违反这条规则的句子时通常是可笑的。



Being in a dilapidated condition, I was able to buy the house very cheap.


8.


在行的末端,单词分开写以便与他们的构造和发音相一致


< p>
如果在一行的末端有空间给一个单词的单或者多音节,


但是不足以容纳整个 单词,


如果切断


的并不仅仅是一个单词的一个字母或者两个字母 ,


那么分开这个单词,


我们主张的是对所有

的单词没有固定的规则。这些原则最主要的应用是:



a


.分开单词,根据他们的构造



know-ledge


(not


knowl-edge);


Shake-speare


(not


Shakes-peare);


de-scribe


(not


des-cribe);


atmo-sphere (not atmos-phere);


b.


在元音字母上分开



edi-ble


(not


ed- ible);


propo-sition;


ordi- nary;


espe-cial;


reli-gious;


oppo-nents;


regu-lar;


classi-fi-ca-tion (three divisions possible); deco-rative; presi-dent;


c.< /p>


如果双写字母不是在单词一般形式的末尾,那么在这个双写字母之间分开这个单词



Apen-nines; Cincin-nati; refer- ring; but tell-ing.


辅音字母组合的处理方式是最好的展示示例。



for-tune;


pic-ture;


presump-tuous;


illus- tration;


sub-stan-tial


(either


division);


indus-try;


instruc-tion; sug-ges-tion; incen-diary.


通过对认真出版的书籍许多 页的音节拆分联系之后,学生将会做得很好。



III.


作文的基本规则


< p>
9.


让段落成为文章的基本组成单位:一段包含一个主题

< br>


如果你所论述的主题所涉及的范围很窄,


或者你想将它 写的很简单,


那么你就没有必要将它


再划分为几个小的主题。< /p>


这样,


一个简单的描述,


一件文学作品的 简短总结,一件普通事件


的简单记录,


一种仅仅概况某种行为的 叙述,


一种想法的付诸行动,


这些当中的任何一个主

< p>
题都最好写成一段,


当把这些段落写好之后,


我们 就要检查这些段落的划分是否有可以提高


的地方。


< p>
然而,


一个主题通常都需要划分成几个小的主题,


而且每个主题都应该单独成段。


当然,这


种将每个小的主题单独 成段的大的主题能够通过自身帮助读者理解。


每一段的开始都是给读

者以主旨的发展到了一个新的阶段的信号。



主旨划分的范 围随着文章的长短变化而变化。


例如,


一本书或者一首诗的通知 可能只包含一


段。稍微长一点的可能包含两段:



A. Account of the work.



B. Critical discussion.


为一个文学专业班级缩写的文学报告,可能包含七段:



A. Facts of composition and publication.



B. Kind of poem; metrical form.


C. Subject.


D. Treatment of subject.


E. For what chiefly remarkable.


F. Wherein characteristic of the writer.


G


. Relationship to other works.


C



D


段落的内容将会随诗的不同而变化。


段落


C

< p>
将会指出诗的真实的或者想象的情况


(情


形)


,如果这些需要解释,然后陈述主题以及描述它的发展。如果诗是以第三人的角度叙述


的,那么段落


C


仅仅需要包含这种行为的简明 总结。段落


D


将会指出文章的主要的思想以

及如何突出他们,或者指出作者叙述主要强调的意义何在。



一部小说可能是在下面的主题下讨论的:



A. Setting.



B. Plot.


C. Characters.


D. Purpose.


一起历史事件可能是在下面的主题下讨论的:



A. What led up to the event.



B. Account of the event.


C. What the event led up to.


当处理最后这两个主题的任何一个时,


作者可能会发现有必要继续划分这里给出的这些 小的


主题中的一个或者更多。



作为一 条规则,


简单句是不能被写作或者印刷成为一段的。


过渡句是它 的例外,


它指出阐述


或者论述部分之间的关系。



在对话中,


每句话甚至是仅仅一个单词都要单独成段 。


换句话说,


每一个新的段落都是以说


话者的改变而开始的。


当对话和叙述综合使用时,


这条规则的应 用最好的学习是从优秀的小


说作品例子中来。



10.


作为一条规则,每段以主旨句开头,以与开头主旨句相一致的句子结尾< /p>



主旨再次帮助了读者。


作为练习在这里 建议:


当读者开始读每一段时,


能够使他发现这一段

< p>
要达到的目的,


当他读完这一段时,


能够将这个目 的记在心中。出于这样的原因,


特别是对


于阐述和论证,最有用 的段落类型是这样的,他们包括:



a.


在段落的开头或者周围,有一个主旨句;



b.


接下来的句子,解释或者加强或者发展这个由主旨句所做的论断;



c.


最后的句子要么强调主旨句的思想,要么陈述一些重要的结果。



以离题或者一些不重要的细节作为结尾,是特别要避免的。


< /p>


如果段落成为一篇较大文章的一部分,


那么它与它之前部分之间的 关系,


以及它在整体中作


为部分所起到的作用,可能需要表述。 这有时能够通过主旨句中仅仅一个单词或者短语



again; therefore; for the same reason


)完成。然而,有时 通过在主旨句之前加上一句或者更


多的语句作为引导或者过度,


这只是权宜之计。


如果过度句需要不止一句,


那么最好将主旨< /p>


句分离单独成段。


对于作者的写作意图,


正如上文提到的,


作者可能通过一种或者许多种不


同的方法将主 旨句和段落主体相联系。


作者可能通过使用不同的形式重述主旨句,

使用术语


定义,


否定它的独立面,


给出说明或者特殊的例子,以使其更加清晰;


作者可能通过证据创


立它,


或者通过展示它的启示和结果推动它;


在一个长段落中 ,


作者可能执行这些进程中的


一些:



1


Now, to be properly


1


Topic sentence.


enjoyed, a walking tour


should be gone upon alone.


2


If you go in a company, or


2


The meaning made clearer


even in pairs, it is no longer a


by denial of the contrary.


walking tour in anything but


name; it is something else


and more in the nature of a


picnic.


3


A walking tour should be


3


The topic sentence


gone upon alone, because


freedom is of the essence;


because you should be able


to stop and go on, and follow


repeated, in abridged form,


and supported by three


reasons; the meaning of the


third (


this way or that, as the freak


own pace


takes you; and because you


denying the converse.


must have your own pace,


and neither trot alongside a


champion walker, nor mince


in time with a girl.


4


And you must be open to


4


A fourth reason, stated in


all impressions and let your


thoughts take colour from


what you see.


any wind to play upon.


6



two forms.


5


You should be as a pipe for


5


The same reason, stated in


still another form.


Hazlitt,


talking at the same time.


7


When I am in the country, I


6-7


The same reason as stated


by Hazlitt.


wish to vegetate like the


country,


all that can be said upon the


matter.


8


There should be no cackle


8


Repetition, in paraphrase,


of voices at your elbow, to


of the quotation from Hazlitt.


jar on the meditative silence


of the morning.


9


And so long as a man is


9


Final statement of the


reasoning he cannot


fourth reason, in language


surrender himself to that fine


amplified and heightened to


intoxication that comes of


form a strong conclusion.


much motion in the open air,


that begins in a sort of dazzle


and sluggishness of the brain,


and ends in a peace that


passes


comprehension.



Stevenson,


Walking Tours.



1


It was chiefly in the


1


Topic sentence.


eighteenth century that a very


different conception of


history grew up.


2


Historians then came to


2


The meaning of the topic


believe that their task was


sentence made clearer; the


not so much to paint a picture


new conception of history


as to solve a problem; to


defined.


explain or illustrate the


successive phases of national


growth, prosperity, and


adversity.


3


The history of morals, of


3


The definition expanded.


industry, of intellect, and of


art; the changes that take


place in manners or beliefs;


the dominant ideas that


prevailed in successive


periods; the rise, fall, and


modification of political


constitutions; in a word, all


the conditions of national


well-being became the


subjects of their works.


4


They sought rather to write


4


The definition explained by


a history of peoples than a


history of kings.


5


They looked especially in


contrast.


5


The definition


history for the chain of


causes and effects.


supplemented: another


element in the new


conception of history.


6


They undertook to study in


6


Conclusion: an important


the past the physiology of


consequence of the new


nations, and hoped by


conception of history.


applying the experimental


method on a large scale to


deduce some lessons of real


value about the conditions on


which the welfare of society


mainly depend.



Lecky,


The


Political Value of History.




在叙述和描述性 的段落中,


为了服务于将下面的这些细节整合在一起,


作者有时 以简洁的容


易理解的陈述开头:



The breeze served us admirably.



The campaign opened with a series of reverses.


The next ten or twelve pages were filled with a curious set of entries.


但是这种策略如果使用太过频繁,


就会成为 一种特殊习惯。


太过平凡的开头明白无误的通过


主题说明这一段 是什么以及它所主要关联的。



At length I thought I might return towards the stockade.



He picked up the heavy lamp from the table and began to explore.


Another flight of steps, and they emerged on the roof.


然而,


简洁生动 的叙述性段落通常是没有这样相似的主旨句。


修辞介入它们之间而产生的停


顿是为了服务于突出某种情节的一些细节。



11.


使用主动语态



主动语态通常比被动语态更加直接,更加有力。



I shall always remember my first visit to Boston.


这句比下面这句更好:



My first visit to Boston will always be remembered by me.


后面这句显得不够直接,不够大胆,不够简洁。 如果作者试图通过省略“


by me



,以使其简


洁。



My first visit to Boston will always be remembered,


它将变得不确定:是作者,还是其他身份不明的人,还是整个世界,将会记住这次访问?



这条规则当然并不意味着作者应该完全摒弃通常很方便而在有些时候很需要的 被动语态。



The dramatists of the Restoration are little esteemed to-day.



Modern readers have little esteem for the dramatists of the Restoration.


在关于复兴时期剧作家的段落中,


第一句是正确的。

第二句则是在关于现代读者的体验的段


落中是正确的。


正如 在这些例子中,


句子的主语需要使用特殊的词语将会经常决定使用何种

< br>语态。



然而,


主动语态的习惯 性使用,


会导致强有力的写作风格。


而这种风格并不仅仅是在与 一些


情节相关的叙述文章中,


而是在任何一种题材的的文章中都 会体现。


许多乏味的描绘和阐述


性语句通过用这里或者能够听到 的这些马虎的表达取代主动语态中的及物动词,


能够变得生


动和 突出重点。




There were a great number of


Dead leaves covered the


dead leaves lying on the


ground.


ground.


The sound of the falls could


still be heard.


The reason that he left


college was that his health


became impaired.


The sound of the falls still


reached our ears.


Failing health compelled him


to leave college.


It was not long before he was


He soon repented his words.


very sorry that he had said


what he had.



作为一条规则,避免使一个被动语态依赖于另一个。



Gold was not allowed to be


exported.


It was forbidden to export


gold (The export of gold was


prohibited).


He has been proved to have


been seen entering the


building.


It has been proved that he


was seen to enter the


building.



在上面的例子 中,


在改正之前,


第一个被动语态的主语决定了与第二个被动相 关的合适的词


语。



一个共同的错误就 是,


在使用名词作被动语态的主语时,


这个名词表达了全部的情 节,


使得


动词在完成句子时没有什么作用能够超越那个名词。< /p>



A survey of this region was


made in 1900.


This region was surveyed in


1900.


Mobilization of the army was


The army was rapidly


rapidly carried out.


mobilized.


Confirmation of these reports


These reports cannot be


cannot be obtained.


confirmed.



比较句子,在“


The export of gold was prohibited”


中谓语“


was prohi bited”


表达出而不是暗示


某些事情在“

< br>export





12.


用肯定的形式表达陈述句



作出明确的断言。避免使用平淡的,苍白的,犹豫的,不置可否的语句。使用单词“


not



的否定或者对立面的意思,绝对不要使 用逃避的意思。



He was not very often on


time.


He did not think that


studying Latin was much


use.


The Taming of the Shrew


is


rather weak in spots.


Shakespeare does not portray


Katharine as a very


admirable character, nor does


Bianca remain long in


memory as an important


character in Shakespeare's


works.


He usually came late.


He thought the study of Latin


useless.


The women in


The Taming of


the Shrew


are unattractive.


Katharine is disagreeable,


Bianca insignificant.


< p>
在改正之前,


最后一个例子是不确定和消极的。


所 以,


修改后的版本是一种对作者意图的简


单猜测。



这三个例子都显示了单词“


not


”固有的弱点。有意或者无意的,告诉读者不是什么,作者


对此是不会满足的; 作者想知道的是是什么。因此,作为一条规则,表达消极的意思时,最


好使用积极的形式 。



not honest


not important


did not remember


did not pay any attention to


dishonest


trifling


forgot


ignored


did not have much confidence in


distrusted



积极与消极之间的对立是非常强烈的:



Not charity, but simple justice.



Not that I loved Caesar less, but Rome the more.



no t


相比,消极的词通常更强烈:



The sun never sets upon the British flag.


13.


省略不必要的词句



有力的作品是简洁的。


一句话不应该包括不必要的词语,


一个段落不应该包括不必要的句子,


出于同样的原因,一幅绘画不应该 有不必要的画线,一台机器则是不应该有不必要的部分。


这并不是要求作者将他的所有句 子都缩短,或者避开所有的细节,而仅仅处理主题的轮廓,


而是要求作者用单词实现。< /p>



许多共同使用的表达违反了这条原则:



the question as to whether


whether (the question whether)


there is no doubt but that


no doubt (doubtless)


used for fuel purposes


he is a man who


in a hasty manner


this is a subject which


Used for fuel


He


hastily


this subject


His story is a strange one.


His story is strange.



尤其是表达式


the fact that


,应该修改它所出现的每一个句子。




owing to the fact that


in spite of the fact that


since (because)


though (although)


call your attention to the fact that


remind you (notify you)


I was unaware of the fact that


I was unaware that (did not know)


the fact that he had not succeeded


his failure


the fact that I had arrived


my arrival



也可以在第


v


章的时候看看这些单词:


case, character, nature, system


Who is, which was


等等通常是多余的。




His brother, who is a member


His brother, a member of the


of the same firm


same firm


Trafalgar, which was


Nelson's last battle


Trafalgar, Nelson's last battle



由于积极的陈述比消极的陈述,以及主动语态比别的语态都更 加简洁,所以在规则


11



12


给出的许多例子也说明了这条规则。



通常违 反简洁性的是,


一步一步地叙述一个复杂的想法,


而将这一系列 的句子合并成一句话


会变得很有利。




Macbeth was very ambitious.


This led him to wish to


become king of Scotland.


The witches told him that


this wish of his would come


true. The king of Scotland at


this time was Duncan.


Encouraged by his wife,


Macbeth murdered Duncan.


He was thus enabled to


succeed Duncan as king. (55


words.)


Encouraged by his wife,


Macbeth achieved his


ambition and realized the


prediction of the witches by


murdering Duncan and


becoming king of Scotland in


his place. (26 words.)




14.


避免一连串的松散的句子



与这条规则特别相关的是一种特殊形式的松散句,


这种类型的句子包 括两个子句,


第二句由


连接词或者关系词引导。虽然这种类型的 单个句子时可能是极好的(请看规则


4



,但是当


是一系列的时候,很快就变得单调而冗长。



一个不熟练的作者有时会构造由这种类型句子组成的一整段,使用这样的连接词:


and, but,


而很少频繁的使用这些词:


who, which, when, where


以及


while,

后面的这些词是非限定性的


用法(请看规则


3






The third concert of the subscription series was


given last evening, and a large audience was in


attendance. Mr. Edward Appleton was the soloist,


and the Boston Symphony Orchestra furnished the


instrumental music. The former showed himself to


be an artist of the first rank, while the latter proved


itself fully deserving of its high reputation. The


interest aroused by the series has been very


gratifying to the Committee, and it is planned to give


a similar series annually hereafter. The fourth


concert will be given on Tuesday, May 10, when an


equally attractive programme will be presented.



除了它的平淡和空洞,


上面的这一段之所以不好是因为句子的结构,


以及它们机械式的对称


性和平淡的语调。规则


10


中所引段落中的句子 或者任意优秀的英语散文中的片段,例如名


利场中的前言(在目录之前)


,都与它们形成了对比。



如果作者发现自己写了一系 列所描述的这种类型的句子,


他必须用足够多的这些方法来重新


修改,去除单调,用这些来代替:简单句,由两个子句组成的句子加入分号,由两个子句组


成的掉尾句,由三个子句组成的,最能表达真实想法关系的松散句或者掉尾句。



15.


用相似的形式表达同等的思想



对于平行结构,


这条原则要求相似内容和功能的表现形式应该在 便面上相似。


这种结构上的


相似性能够使读者更容易理解在内容 和功能上的相似性。熟悉的例子来自于《圣经》的


the


Ten Commandments, the Beatitudes,




the petitions of the Lord’s


Prayer.


不够熟练的作者经常会违反这条原则,


是由于他觉得他应该经常变换他的表达方 式,


这样一


个错误的理念。


为了突出一 个论述,


作者可能会变换表达方式来不断重复,


这是正确的。为


了说明请看在规则


10


下引用来自


Stevenson


的段落。但是除了这个,他应该遵循平行结构< /p>


的这条原则。




Formerly, science was taught


by the textbook method,


while now the laboratory


method is employed.


Formerly, science was taught


by the textbook method; now


it is taught by the laboratory


method.



左边的版本给人一 种未决定或者羞怯的感觉。


他似乎不能够或者害怕去选择以及坚持一种形


式的表达形式。右边的版本最起码作者做出了选择,并且遵循了这种表达。


< /p>


鉴于这条原则,


应用于一系列所有成员的冠词或者介词必须是只应 用于第一部分之前或者是


每一部分之前重复。




The French, the Italians,


Spanish, and Portuguese


In spring, summer, or in


winter


The French, the Italians, the


Spanish, and the Portuguese


In spring, summer, or winter


(In spring, in summer, or in


winter)



相关的表达


(both, and; not, but; not only, but also; either, or; first, second, third;



the like)


应该遵


循相同的语法结构。许多违反这条原则的例子可以通过重新安排句子结构改正。< /p>




It was both a long ceremony


The ceremony was both long


and very tedious.


and tedious.


A time not for words, but


action


A time not for words, but for


action

-


-


-


-


-


-


-


-



本文更新与2021-02-28 05:35,由作者提供,不代表本网站立场,转载请注明出处:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao/678958.html

The Elements of Style中文版的相关文章

  • 爱心与尊严的高中作文题库

    1.关于爱心和尊严的作文八百字 我们不必怀疑富翁的捐助,毕竟普施爱心,善莫大焉,它是一 种美;我们也不必指责苛求受捐者的冷漠的拒绝,因为人总是有尊 严的,这也是一种美。

    小学作文
  • 爱心与尊严高中作文题库

    1.关于爱心和尊严的作文八百字 我们不必怀疑富翁的捐助,毕竟普施爱心,善莫大焉,它是一 种美;我们也不必指责苛求受捐者的冷漠的拒绝,因为人总是有尊 严的,这也是一种美。

    小学作文
  • 爱心与尊重的作文题库

    1.作文关爱与尊重议论文 如果说没有爱就没有教育的话,那么离开了尊重同样也谈不上教育。 因为每一位孩子都渴望得到他人的尊重,尤其是教师的尊重。可是在现实生活中,不时会有

    小学作文
  • 爱心责任100字作文题库

    1.有关爱心,坚持,责任的作文题库各三个 一则150字左右 (要事例) “胜不骄,败不馁”这句话我常听外婆说起。 这句名言的意思是说胜利了抄不骄傲,失败了不气馁。我真正体会到它

    小学作文
  • 爱心责任心的作文题库

    1.有关爱心,坚持,责任的作文题库各三个 一则150字左右 (要事例) “胜不骄,败不馁”这句话我常听外婆说起。 这句名言的意思是说胜利了抄不骄傲,失败了不气馁。我真正体会到它

    小学作文
  • 爱心责任作文题库

    1.有关爱心,坚持,责任的作文题库各三个 一则150字左右 (要事例) “胜不骄,败不馁”这句话我常听外婆说起。 这句名言的意思是说胜利了抄不骄傲,失败了不气馁。我真正体会到它

    小学作文