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Design elements and principles
Design elements
and principles are the basic visual toolbox of
design tactics
in every visual design
discipline. The elements form the basic vocabulary
of
visual design, while the principles
constitute the broader structural aspects
of the composition.
These concepts and elements drive all
intentional design strategies.
Elements of Design
Line
Line is
the mark
made by
a moving
point, such
as a pencil
or brush. The
edges of
shapes and forms also create lines. It is the
basic component of a
shape drawn on
paper. Lines and curves are the basic building
blocks of two
dimensional shapes like a
house's plan.
Color
Color
is
the
most
expressive
element
of
art
and
is
seen
by
the
way
light
reflects off a surface. Color is used
to create illusion of depth, as red colors
seem to come forward while blue seems
to recede into the distance. Color,
and
particularly
contrasting
color,
is
also
used
to
draw
the
attention
to
a
particular part of the
image. On some cases of interior design, color can
be
added to increase visual appeal such
as the natural colors of wood of a china
cabinet.
Color
may
add
visual
appeal
to
a
home
decor
just
as
colored
flowers can add beauty to a field on a
prairie.
Shape
Shape is an
area enclosed by lines or curves. It is 2
dimensional and can be
geometric or
organic. Importantly, a shape automatically
creates a negative
space around
it. Shapes in
house decor
and
interior
design
can be used
to
add
interest,
style,
theme
to
a
design
like a
door.
Shape
in
interior
design
depends
on
the
function
of
the
object
like
a
kitchen
cabinet
door.
Natural
shapes forming patterns on wood or
stone may help increase visual appeal in
interior design.
Form
Forms are
3-Dimensional. They occupy space or give the
illusion that they
occupy space. Form
as home furniture or art may help add variety to
reduce
a monotonous (bare) look and
increase visual appeal in interior
design.
Texture and Finishes
Texture
is
the
feeling
and
visual
feel
of
the
fabrics,
colors,
and
room
accessories.
There
are
two
types
of
texture;
Tactile,
or
visual
texture,
and
texture which you can
detect with your five senses. Texture like grass
sheets
on
a
wall,
or
white
pebbles
embedded
in
a
concrete
wall
gives
a
three
dimensional look to the wall and a few
of shades of its colors. Texture is the
roughness
of
the
surface
of
a
material.
Surfaces
with
same
or
similar
textures like
fireplace
marble tiles
and
drywall
usually
look
more visually
appealing.
The quality
of
finishes
of
surfaces
in
home
interior
design
and
even
on
automobiles
are
important.
A
smooth
and
polished
surface
on
a
marble
tile
is
also
a
texture,
and
smooth
quality
finishes
can
enhance
the
visual appeal of natural material
finishes like marble tiles on a wall. Smooth
mirror reflective finish on a marble
bathroom countertop enhances its looks.
Value
Value is
how light or darkened the color you are using.
Value is also referred
to as
tone.
Principles of
Design
Design is the organized arrangement of
one or more elements and principles
(eg. line colour or texture) for a
purpose.
Awareness
of
the
elements
and
principles
in
design
is
the
first
step
in
creating
successful
visual
compositions.
These
principles,
which
may
overlap,
are
used
in
all
visual
design
fields,
including
graphic
design,
industrial design,
architecture and fine art.
The principles of design
are as various as attitudes regarding modern
design.
They differ both between the
schools of thought that influence design, and
between individual practicing
designers.
The principles
govern
the
relationships
of
the
elements
used
and
organize
the
composition
as
a whole.
Successful
design
incorporates
the use
of
the
principles
and
elements
to
serve
the
designer's
purpose
and
visual
goals.
There are no rules for their use. The
designer's purpose and intent drives the
decisions made to achieve appropriate
scale and proportion, as well as the
degree of harmony between the elements.
Design principles are a technical
and
artificial method to attempt to produce home
architectural and
interior
design beauty.
The principles of design
consist of:
Unity
Unity
refers
to
a
sense
that
everything
in
the
artwork
belongs
there,
and
makes
a
whole
piece.
It
is
achieved
by
the
use
of
balance
and
repetition.
Two objects like
a living room and a dining room can be unified by
giving
these similar features like a
shared hardwood floor design.
Balance
Can be
either symmetrical or asymmetrical depending on if
the right or left
side is identical or
not. Also refers to a sense that dominant focal
points are
balanced and don't give a
feeling of being pulled too much to any part of
the
artwork. Balance can be balance by
location of objects such as windows on
a
house,
balance
by
volume
or
sizes
of
objects,
balance
by
color
(like
desired brightness in
a room).
Harmony
Harmony
is
achieved
through
the
sensitive
balance
of
variety
and
unity.
Color harmony may be
achieved using complementary or analogous colors.
Harmony in design is similarity of
components or objects looking like these
belong together. Harmony is when some
or many the components (usually
three
objects depending on size of project or room) such
as a furniture in a
room
share
a
common
trait
or
two.
A
common
trait
could
be:
color(s),
shape(s), texture,
pattern(s), material, theme, style, size, or
functionality. For
example
a
drapery
could
share
the
same
color
that
is
on
a
pillow
or
wallpaper. This is called
color coordination in wall paper design. Harmony
and unity generally make designs more
visually appealing and interesting. Is
a
technical
and
artificial
process
for
attempting
to
produce
interior
design
beauty. Design
harmony may be used to avoid design or furniture
chaos in
most cases.
Contrast
Contrast
is
the
occurrence
of
contrasting
elements,
such
as
colour,
value,
size, etc. It creates interest and
pulls the attention toward the focal
point.
Repetition
(Rhythm, Pattern)
The
recurrence
of
elements
within
a
piece:
colours,
lines,
shapes,
values,
etc. Any element
that occurs is generally echoed, often with some
variation
to
keep
interest.
Rhythm
in
interior
design
also
may
be
used
to
reduce
randomness.
For
example,
placing
four
plant
pots
in
a
row
and
evenly
spaced apart on a
floor produces an organized look.
Variety
(Alternation)
The use of
dissimilar elements, which creates interest.
Variety like a painting
or some
reflective wood panels added on a plain wall may
be used to reduce
monotony. Helps
infuse color to a house decor to attempt to
increase design
beauty.
Emphasis (Dominance, Focal Point or
area in a room's decor)
Areas of interest. Guides the eye into
through and out of the image through
the
use of
sequence
of
various
levels
of
focal
points,
primary
focal
point,
secondary,
tertiary,
etc.
Emphasis
hierarchy
may
give
direction
and
organization
to
a
design,
and
avoid
subconscious
confusion
to
sometimes
improve
the
design's
(like
a
house)
visual
appeal
and
style.
Emphasis
hierarchy
or
focus
is
not
giving
each
object
(like
a
bed
or
curtain)
in
a
project
(like a bedroom decor) equal dominance. Emphasis
or dominance of
an object can be
increased by making the object larger, more
sophisticated,
more ornate, by placing
it in the foreground, or standout visually more
than
other
objects
in
a
project.
The
primary
focus
point
or
area
receives
the
largest emphasis in a room. Emphasis
hierarchy avoids style confusion.
Proportion
(Scale)
Proportion
involves
the relationship
of
size
between
objects. Proportion
is
also
relative
sizes
of
surface
areas
of
different
colors
in
a
room.
The
proportion of color
areas such as on a wall of a living room may be
chosen
to be visually pleasing.
Proportion also depends on functionality of
object.
For example, for the best
proportion between a room and furniture, the sizes
of furniture depends on the size of the
room.
Functionality
A
design
must
have
good
functionality.
For
example
a
bedroom
must
function well as a place to sleep and
store clothing as well as looking nice.
Attraction
Attraction is how much an observer is
attracted to a particular design such as
a
particular
style
of
a
house.
May
involve
studying
the
psychology
why
certain people are
attracted more to particular designs than other
designs.
Artistic
Unity
Artistic unity is
staying on the story (like a science fiction
novel) topic or
story line, telling
only one story at a time, staying on the style of
a home in
interior design. Avoids
distraction or subconscious confusion in house
decor
style.
Helps
strengthen
the
style
of
a
house,
gives
a
clear
design
style
communication.
Genuineness in Media and
Form
Genuineness in media
and form in architecture and home interior design
is
using
real
material
for
finishes
rather
than
faux.
The
beauty
of
natural
patterns
of
stone
or
wood,
and
real
crystallized
metals
may
be
used
to
enhance
the visual
appeal
of
an
interior
design. Using real
metal, glass or
crystal instead of plastic simulations.
Real style, prestige, glamour or luxury
rather
than
pretense.
For
example,
an
arborite
kitchen
counter
top
cannot
duplicate
the
mirror
reflectivity
and
natural
beauty
of
granite
counters
for
long. In some cases,
furniture made of real wood could look nicer than
faux
wood (photographic
wood).
Proximity
Proximity
in
home
decor
is
the
placing
of
similar
objects
closer
together
physically,
and
unlike
objects
(decor)
further
apart.
Helps
to
produce
harmony
by
grouping
like
objects.
For
example,
different
furniture
styles
with different colors compressed in a
small bedroom does not look as nice
as
the same furniture placed further apart in a very
large living room.
Color Theory
Color theory in interior design
includes the color wheel. The color wheel are
the
colors
of
the
rainbow
arranged
in
a
circular
array.
Color
theory
also
involves the idea of how color affects
human thought and emotions. Colors
that
have red
such
as
orange,
redish-brown
and
yellow
are
assumed
to
be
warm colors because we associate these
with sunlight. Colors than have blue
are
cool
colors
because
we
associate
blue
will
cool
water
and
ice.
Color
harmony is a pleasing combinations of
colors and the amount of these colors
in a design like a room decor. Color
harmony is also using a limited number
of
colors
in
a
color
pallete
usualy
seven
or
less
initialy
to
help
preserve
design unity.
设计要素和原则
设计的要素和原则都是基本的可视化工具，
< br>它们包含了各个可视化设计
原则中的设计手法。
要素构成
了可视化设计的基本词汇表，
而原则构成
了设计作品中更深入的
结构层面。
这些概念和要素驱动了那些有意识的设计策略：
设计的要素
线
线是由动点构成的，如铅笔或笔刷
。平面图和立体图的边缘也构成线。
这些是在纸上打草稿的基础。
直线和曲线是二维图形的基本模块，
比如
设计一所房子。
颜色
颜色
是美术中最具表现力的要素，
同时它也是光在物体表面的反射。颜
色会造成距离上的错觉，
比如红色似乎有涌出的感觉，
而蓝色
有沉退的
感觉。颜色，尤其是对比鲜明的颜色，也通常用来对图像的特定部分提
请注意。在某些室内设计的例子中，颜色可以用来增加视觉吸引力，如
木
质碗柜的自然色彩。颜色可以为家庭装饰增加视觉吸引力，
就像色彩
鲜艳的花朵可以装扮大草原一样。
平面图
平
面图是一个由封闭的直线或曲线构成的区域。
它是二维的并且可以是
几何的或者有机的。
重要的是，平面图会在它周围自动创建一个负空间
（实体周围的空白）
。在房屋装修和室内设计中，平面图可以给设计加