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TOEFL ibt
测试卷
R
测试时间：
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学员成绩：
/120
Time: 60
minutes
Score:
READING
SECTION
DIRECTIONS
The
reading
section
measures
your
ability
to
read
and
understand
passages
in
English.
For
most
questions,
you
will
choose
the
one
best
answer
of four possible answers. You have 20 minutes to
read the passage
and answer all of the
questions.
1
Reading 1
“Layers of
Social Class”
Taken together, income,
occupation, and education are good measures of
people
’
s
social
standing. Using a layered model of stratification,
most sociologists describe the
class
system in the United States as divided into
several classes: upper, upper middle,
lower middle, and lower class. Each
class is defined by characteristics such as
income,
occupational
prestige,
and
educational
attainment.
The
different
groups
are
arrayed
along a continuum
with those with the most money, education, and
prestige at the top
and those with the
least at the bottom.
In
the
United
States,
the
upper
class
owns
the
major
share
of
corporate
and
personal
wealth;
it
includes
those
who
have
held
wealth
for
generations
as
well
as
those who
have recently become rich. Only a very small
proportion of people actually
constitute the upper class, but they
control vast amounts of wealth and power in the
United
States.
They
exercise
enormous
control
throughout
society.
Most
of
their
wealth is inherited.
→
Despite
social
myths
to
the
contrary,
the
best
predictor
of
future
wealth
is
the
family into which you
are born. Each year, the business magazine
Forbes
publishes a
list of the
―
Forbes
400
‖
–
the four hundred wealthiest families and
individuals in the
country.
Of
all
the
wealth
represented
on
the
Forbes
400
list,
more
than
half
is
inherited.
Those
on
the
list
who
could
be
called
―
self-
made
‖
were
not
typically
of
modest
origins;
most
inherited
significant
assets
(Forbes,
1997;
Sklar
and
Collins,
1997). Those in the
upper class with newly acquired wealth are known
as the
nouveau
riche
. Although they may
have vast amounts of money, they are often not
accepted
into
―
old
rich
‖
circles.
→
The
upper middle
class includes
those with high incomes and high social prestige.
They
tend
to
be
well-educated
professionals
or
business
executives.
Their
earnings
can be quite high indeed-successful
business executives can earn millions of dollars a
year. It is difficult to estimate
exactly how many people fall into this group
because of
2
the
difficulty
of
drawing
lines
between
the
upper,
upper
middle,
and
middle
class.
Indeed,
the
upper
middle
class
is
often
thought
of
as
―
middle
class
‖
because
their
lifestyle sets the standard to which
many aspire, but this lifestyle is simply beyond
the
means of a majority of people in
the United States.
→
The
middle class
is hard to
define; in part, being
―
middle
class
‖
is more than just
economic position. By far the majority
of Americans identify themselves as middle
class even though they vary widely in
lifestyle and in resources at their disposal. But
the idea that the United States is an
open-class system leads many to think that the
majority have a middle-class lifestyle
because, in general, people ten not to want to
recognize class distinctions in the
United States. Thus, the middle class becomes the
ubiquitous norm even though many who
call themselves
middle class
have tenuous
hold on this class
position.
In
the
hierarchy
of
social
class,
the
lower
middle
class
include
workers
in
the
skilled
trades
and
low-income
bureaucratic
workers,
many
of
whom
may
actually
define themselves as middle class.
Examples are blue-collar workers (those in skilled
trades
who
do
manual
labor)
and
many
service
workers,
such
as
secretaries,
hairdressers,
waitresses,
police,
and
firefighters.
Medium
to
low
income,
education,
and
occupational
prestige
define
the
lower
middle
class
relative
to
the
class
groups
above it. The term
―
< br>lower
‖
in this class
designation refers to the relative position of
the group in the stratification system,
but it has a pejorative sound to many
people,
especially to people
who are members of this class.
→
The
lower class
is composed
primarily of the displaced and poor. People in
this
class
have
little
formal
education
and
are
often
unemployed
or
working
in
minimum-wage jobs. [A] Forty percent of
the poor work; 10 percent work year-round
And
full
time
–
a
proportion
that
has
generally
increased
over
time.
Recently,
the
concept
of
the
underclass
has
been
added
to
the
lower
class.
[B]
The
underclass
includes those
who have been left behind by contemporary economic
developments.
3
[C]
Rejected
from
the
economic
system,
those
in
the
underclass
may
become
dependent on public assistance or
illegal activities. [D]
1.
The word those in the passage refers to
A)
characteristics
B)
groups
C)
classes
D)
continuum
2. The word enormous in the passage is
closest in meaning to
A)
very large
B)
very new
C)
very early
D)
very good
3.
Which
of
the
sentences
below
best
expresses
the
information
in
the
highlighted
statement
in
the
passage?
The
other
choices
change
the
meaning
or
leave
out
important information.
A)
Although
it
is
not
generally
accepted,
your
family
provides
the
best
prediction of your future wealth.
B)
You can
achieve great future wealth in spite of the family
in which you may
have been born.
C)
It
is
not
true
that
your
family
will
restrict
the
acquisition
of
your
future
wealth and level of social status.
D)
Social
myths
are
contrary
to
the
facts
about
the
future
wealth
and
social
status of your
family.
4.
Why
does the author mention the
―
Forbes
400
‖
in paragraph 3?
A)
To explain the
meaning of the listing that appears every year
B)
To support the
statement that most wealthy people inherit their
money
C)
To cast
doubt on the claim that family income predicts
individual wealth
D)
To give examples of successful people
who have modest family connections
4
Paragraph 3 is marked with
an arrow
[
→
]
5.
In
paragraph
4,
the
author
states
that
business
and
professional
people
with
educational advantages
are most often members of the
A)
lower middle
class
B)
upper
middle class
C)
nouveau riche
D)
upper class
Paragraph 4 is marked with an arrow
[
→
]
6.
The word
primarily in the passage is closest in meaning to
A)
mostly
B)
somewhat
C)
finally
D)
always
7.
The word
contemporary in the passage is closest in meaning
to
A)
unexpected
B)
modern
C)
strategic
D)
reliable
8.
According
to
paragraph
5,
why
do
most
people
identify
themselves
as
middle
class in the United
States?
A)
They
have about the same lifestyle as everyone else in
the country.
B)
They prefer not to admit that there are
class distinctions in the United States.
C)
They
don
’
t really know how to
define their status because it is unclear.
D)
They identify
themselves with the majority who have normal
lifestyles.
Paragraph 5 is marked with
an arrow
[
→
]
9.
What can be
inferred about poor people in the United States?
A)
They are not able to find
entry-level jobs
B)
They work in jobs that require little
education.
C)
They are
service workers and manual laborers.
D)
They do not try to find employment.
5
10.
According to paragraph
7,why has the underclass emerged?
A)
The
new
term
was
necessary
because
the
lower
class
enjoyed
a
higher
lifestyle than it had previously.
B)
The
increase
in
crime
has
supported
a
new
class
of
people
who
live
by
engaging in illegal
activities.
C)
Changes in the economy have caused an
entire class of people to survive by
welfare or crime.
D)
Minimum-wage jobs no longer
support a class of people at a standard level
in the economic system.
Paragraph 5 is marked with an arrow
[
→
]
11.
All of the
following are indicators of prestige in the United
States EXCEPT
A)
the level of education that a person
has achieved
B)
the amount of money that an individual
has acquired
C)
the type of employment that someone
pursues
D)
the
hard work that a person does on a consistent basis
12.
Look at the
four squares
[■]
that show
where the following sentence could be
inserted in the passage.
The
working poor constitute a large portion of those
who are poor.
Where could the sentence
best be added?
Click on a square
[■]
to insert the sentence
in the passage.
13.
Directions:
An introduction
for a short summary
of the passage
appears below.
Complete the
summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that
mention the
most
important
points
in
the
passage.
Some
sentences
do
not
belong
in
the
summary because they
express
ideas
that are not included
in
the passage or are
minor
points from the passage.
This question
is worth 2 points.
The
levels of education, the acquisition of wealth,
and occupational prestige
determine
social status in the United States.
?
6
?
?
Answer Choices
[A]
People
who
have
made
their
money
more
recently
tend
not
to
be
accepted
by
those who have inherited
their wealth from family holdings.
[B]
The lower class includes working people with low
incomes and a new underclass
of people
who are dependent on welfare or engage in crime.
[C] The upper class tends to
acquire wealth through inheritance,
whereas the upper
middle class has a
high income that they earn in their professions.
[D] Although the lifestyle of the upper
middle class is the goal for the majority, it is
difficult for many people to maintain
this standard of living.
[E]
Most
people
identify
themselves
as
middle
class,
including
blue-collar
workers
and service workers
as well as bureaucratic employees.
[F]
It is still possible to move from one social class
to another in the United States by
working your way up the ladder in a
corporate environment.
Reading 2
“
THE
ART OF THEATRE
”
The means by which an art form presents
its message is referred to as the medium.
Thus, sound produced by instruments or
human voices is the medium of music. Paint
on canvas or paper is the medium of
painting.
For literature, the medium is
written
language. For theatre, it is a
story performed by actors on a stage.
Drama is sometimes seen as a branch of
literature because plays, like literature,
are often printed in book form.
However, there is an important difference between
the
two forms. Unlike a novel, a play
is written to be performed, and the script of a
play is
not a finished work; it is an
outline for a performance. The physical production
of the
7
play
—
the scenery,
lighting, and costumes
—
will
affect
the performance, and so will
the actors. How the actors interpret
their roles greatly influences the
play
’
s effect on
the audience.
The basic encounter in theatre is
between the performers and the audience. This is
a
special
type
of
encounter
because
the
performers
are
playing
other
people,
characters.
Moreover, the characters are part of a human story
that has been written by
a
dramatist.
This
combination
of
elements
distinguishes
theatre
from
other
art
forms.
Theatre
has
several
other
distinctive
characteristics.
First,
the
subject
matter
of
theatre
is
always
human
beings.
Second,
theatre
is
universal
—
there
is
an
impulse
toward creating theatre in all
societies. Third, theatre is transitory in
nature
—
a play is
an event that occurs through time.
Finally, theatre is set apart by its basic
elements:
audience, performers,
director, dramatist, purpose, viewpoint, and
setting.
Human beings and
human concerns are always the subject matter of
drama, even
when
the
performers
play
animals,
object,
or
abstract
ideas.
In
the
medieval
play
Everyman
,
some
of
the
roles
are
abstract
ideas
such
as
Beauty,
Knowledge,
and
Strength.
The
central
character
is
Everyman,
a
human
character,
and
the
subject
is
death arriving before we
want it to come
—
a
theme
that is universal to
humans. The
focus of drama is on human
beings, even though different human concerns have
been
emphasized in different plays.
In
view
of
the
human
—
centered
quality
of
theatre,
it
is
not
surprising
that
the
impulse
toward theatre is universal. The
urge
to create drama has
existed wherever
human society has
developed: in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and
the Americas. In
every
culture
recorded
in
history
or
studied
by
anthropologists,
we
find
rituals,
ceremonies, and celebrations that
include elements of theatre. At various times,
these
ceremonies and stories developed
into a separate
realm
of
theatre. In Greece, a fully
8
developed
theatre
emerged
almost
2,500
years
ago.
In
India,
theatre
became
well-established
around 2,000 years ago. Wherever theatre has
become a separate art
form,
it
has
had
certain
essential
qualities:
a
story
—
the
play
—
is
presented
by
one
group
—
the
performers
—
to another
group
—
the audience.
One special quality of a
theatre performance is its immediacy.
In the theatre, we
live in
the perpetual present tense. Theatre is a
transitory
art. A
performance changes
from moment to
moment, and each moment is a direct, immediate
adventure for the
audience. The
transitory
nature of theatre
is a quality it shares with music and dance,
and sets it apart from literature and
the visual arts.
A novel or a painting
is a fixed
object; it exists as a
finished product. The performing art, on the other
hand, are not
objects but events.
Theatre occurs through time; it is an experience
created by a series
of sights, sounds,
and impressions.
14. How does the art of
theatre convey its message?
A) An
instrument or voice produces sound.
B)
A camera converts light to images on film.
C)
People perform
a story for another group.
D)
A person
writes a story for others to read.
15. The author discusses literature in
paragraph 2 in order to illustrate what point?
A)
Literature and drama are both written
forms of communication.
B)
Reading a novel and
attending a play are different experiences.
C
）
Both novelists and dramatists use an
outline to organize ideas.
D)
Many actors prefer roles
from classic works of literature.
9
sentence
below best expresses the essential information in
the highlighted
sentence in paragraph
3? Incorrect choices change the meaning in
important ways or
leave out essential
information.
A)
A play
’
s scenery,
lighting, and costumes contribute to the message
of the play.
B)
Theatre
is
the
only
art
form
that
mixes
more
than
one
medium
in
a
single
work of art.
C)
A
successful
dramatist
knows
how
to
blend
purpose,
viewpoint,
and
theme
into a
unique performance.
D)
Theatre is a distinct art form by the
way it joins characters and audience in the
telling of a story.
does the author mention
Everyman
in paragraph 5?
A)
To
show that definition of theatre has evolved over
time
B)
To give
an example of a play in which abstract ideas are
characters
C)
To
compare the importance of beauty, knowledge, and
strength
D)
To
illustrate the universal human desire to create
theatre
word
theme
in paragraph 5 refers
to
A)
performers
playing animals, objects, or ideas
B)
death arriving
before we want it to come
C)
beauty, knowledge, and strength
D)
Everyman as a
central character
word
urge
in paragraph 6 is
closest in meaning to
A)
money
10
B)
education
C)
motivation
D)
patience
word
realm
in paragraph 6 is
closest in meaning to
A)
form
B)
ritual
C)
science
D)
tool
of the following can be
inferred from paragraph 6 about the development of
theatre?
A)
In every human
society, theatre appeared before other forms of
art.
B)
Theatre
could not have developed without the support of
political leaders.
C)
People created theatre as a way to
promote peace between rival groups.
D)
Theatre
emerged as a distinct art form at different times
around the world.
word
transitory
in paragraph 7 is
closest in meaning to
A)
temporary
B)
beautiful
C)
surprising
D)
expressive
is theatre similar to the
other performing arts?
A)
It is based on
works of literature.
B)
It exits as a finished product.
11