论文附属材料

英文文献资料

（一）

（

2000

字）

Demographic,Political,and Social

Transformations of China,750-1550

ROBERT LL

(University of Pennsylvania)

BETWEEN

750

and

1550,the

Chinese

demographic,political,and

social

landscape

was

dramatically

mid-T'ang,lessthan

half

the

population

lived

in

South

China,the

foci

of

central

and

local

governmental organization and authority were in the imperial capital and the prefectural(c hou

州

,fu

府

,or

chiin

军

)seats, and political power and high social status were shared by a hereditary elite which specialized

in

government

service

and

monopolized

high

1550,over

sixty-eight

percent

of

Chinese

households

were

located

in

the

South,provincial(sheng

省

)and

district(hsie n

县

)administrators

managed

most

aspects

of

civil

government,and

officials

were

drawn

from

a

broadly

based

gentry

that

viewed

a

bureaucratic career as only one of a variety of occupational tative and qualitative changes in

the Chinese economy during the first five hundred years of this period-the T'ang-Five Dynasties-early Sung

demographic and agricultural transition-were so remarkable that some scholars refer to the era as one of

economic

revolutions1

and

others

view

it

as

an

early

stage

of

neither

the

rate

of

material

progress

nor

the

universally

recognized

concomitant

achievements

in

nearly

all

other

aspects

ofChinese

life- political,social,artistic,scientific,and

intellectual-were

matched

in

the

succeeding

?

Even

though

the

answer

to

this

question

has

always

been

varied,

but

most

of

the

conclusions

of

scholars are based on the following assumptions: (1) material progress to be linear; (2) economic, social,

technological, political and ideological role of intelligence, etc. are the same in

the whole empire of the

different

historical

periods

have

a

similar

impact.

But

the

fact

that

some

centuries before

and

after

their

period, the changes in both linear and cyclical, the country's rate of change in different regions vary, and

sometimes

changes

in

the

opposite

direction.

This,

in

turn,

proposed

an

alternative

hypothesis

that

the

history

of

China's

economic

development

as

a

regional

development

cycle

history.

Its

role

as

the

main

factors: (a) a unique historical case, they lead to the development of a specific region beginning or end, (b)

inter-regional technology, production factors and residues, such as transfer costs are different; (c) result in

the development of the region and inter-regional exchange process in response to different systems. In other

words,

it

is

necessary

to

know

the

history

of

the

development

process

requires

systematic

analysis

of

different

stages

of

development

of

ecological

agriculture

of

varying

power

within

the

region,

but

also

people of deep study of these key areas of the relationship between the different times of the impact of the

nature of Chinese society.

(A) development within the region

Geographers and economists consider the natural geographical, including a number of economies, and

some only one of its own department, while others are completely interrelated. It was difficult Skinner said

the Chinese can be divided into seven major areas (Lingnan, South China, Jiang Yimin upstream, middle

reaches of Yangtze River, Yangtze River, north-west, north), the major district Level own distinct economy,

area,

the

more

resources

to

the

marginal

zone

is

less.

Zone

between

the

major

areas

are

selected

to

represent 50 state. According to our research, may be elaborated in a big four periods of history. (1) the

edge of the district to settle a view to: (2) the rapid development period; (3) a period of recession; (4) the

balance period. An important agricultural region in different regions of the population increase or decrease

each period show very different form of exhaust. Marginal zone at stage of development, the central area of

the population growth rate higher than the marginal zone; at the rapid development period, higher than the

central area of the remote; at a recession, the edge zone than the central area of population decline in an

even faster pace. At the balance period, a specific county population change with local conditions, with the

same

region

in

other

counties

has

little

to

do

with

long-term

development

trends.

Pre-modern

Chinese

population

around

the

long-term

growth

and

proliferation

of

(or

reduction

and

contraction)

and

the

resulting

economic,

political

and

social

systems,

such

as

progress

with

the

balance

of

the

region

corresponding Level types are the same.

First of all connected at the largest piece of land productivity has to settle up. Stage of development in

border areas, it is impossible to identify a region of institutions, because the district center and the edge

between the economy and the system very little contact. Tang ago in the South China region, the late Ming

and the former the majority of the Lingnan region, as well as the thirteen century, stimulated by population

so that the upper reaches of the Yangtze dropped after a border of Sichuan, this situation is widespread.

Because of migration, natural growth, or both the common factors of population density reached saturation

when the region enters the period of rapid development, population and fertilizer to the land is not arable

land scattered in remote spread. High productivity of land is relatively scarce, as well as the operation of

rural real estate market, the emergence of mid-level may influence this process are the main factors. At the

Tang,

Five

Dynasties

and

the

Song

of

the

different

periods

of

time,

most

parts

of

southern

China

has

entered a period of accelerated growth. Obviously not the

but if one of the modern population density population density of 10-15% can be from a border settlement

period

the marginal agricultural income has reached the limit of agricultural technology, the development of the

end of the period, followed by a period of recession is the period or balance.

At a period of recession, the development process of a complete contrast, in remote places and do not

spread manure before land was abandoned, between the edge of the district to the center of population than

the population dropped faster. Recession region should include a variety of seven centuries of epidemics in

North China, the Song and Yuan Dynasties Lingnan most of the north and west, the middle reaches of the

Yangtze River upstream and a total of some part of the West. Say, by definition, a balanced view for the

stability

period,

the

region's

population

because

of

the

short-term

changes

are

caused

by

local

circumstances.

North

China's

northern

region

apart

from

a

number

of

times

moderate

cyclical

changes,

since the Han to the Ming are in a state of equilibrium, the Northwest region since the Tang to the Ming,

the eastern and middle reaches of Yangtze River downstream from the Southern Song to the mid-twentieth

century, but also to name just a few.

(B) inter-regional migration

750-1550 years profound changes marked by inter-regional transfer population density. The Yangtze

River middle and lower reaches and the South East has become increasingly important. These three areas

accounted

for

separately

in

Han

population

of

the

total

number

of

20%,

15%

of

the

Sui

Dynasty,

Tang

Medium 26% 1080 15% 1200 54% 1391 59% 1542 60% 1948 42%.

Pre-industrial society of the major changes in the distribution of population in general are caused by

the following factors: (1) due to natural disasters caused by high population density areas of comparative

advantage

in

agriculture

weakened;

(2)

because

of

greatly

reduced

transport

costs

and

to

strengthen