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英语和汉语对比---被动与主动

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2021-02-28 02:07
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2021年2月28日发(作者:联系人英文怎么说)


第六章



被动与主动



(Passive vs



Active)







被动语态在英语里是一种常见的语法现象。


在某些文体中,


使用被动句几乎成了一种表


达习惯


(passi ve habit)



S


< p>
Baker




The Practical Stylist



一书中指出:



Our massed


scientific



and bureaucratic society is so addicted to the passive voice that you must constantly alert yourself


against its drowsy, impersonal pomp




’被动句促成了物称倾向,物称倾向也滋长 了被动句。


英语常用被动句,主要有以下几方面的原因:







一、施事的原因。人们表达思想的时候,通常使用主动句。但当主动句的施事


(agent)


由于以下的原因而不需要或不可能指明时,英语往往采用被动句 :







1


.施事未知而难以言明,如:





The murderer was caught yesterday



and it is said that he will be hanged.



凶手已于昨天被捕,据说他将会被绞死。




2


.施事从上下文中可以不言自明, 如:




She told me that her master had dismissed her



No reason had been assigned; no objection had


been made to her conduct. She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress




她告诉 我,她的男主人已解雇了她。男主人没有讲明任何理由,对她的行为没有任何异议,


也不 许她向女主人申诉。



3


.施事不如受 事重要,或受事需要强调,如:



Her only son was run over by a car


.她的独子被汽车轧了。







有时为了隐去含糊的人称主语


(vague pronoun subject)


,也用被动句


:


At the tea party they served only tea and cake




At the tea party only tea and cake were served




茶会上只供应茶和饼。







4


.由于特殊的原因而不要指明施事,如为了使叙述显得圆通、得体,或为了表达某种


微妙的情绪


(tact or delicacy of sentiment)


,例如:



Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken




今晚有人在此讲了些不该讲的话。








二、句法的要求。英语重形合,注重句法结构和表达形式。当主动式不便于表达时,出于造< /p>


句的需要或修辞的考虑,往往采用被动式:







1


.为了使句子承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接,如:



Some


kinds


of


plastics


can


be


forced


through


machines


which


separate


them


into


long



thin


strings



called



fibres



, and these fibres can be made into cloth








有几种 塑料可以压入机器并分离成细长的纤维,这种纤维可以用来织布。







2


.为了使句子平衡,保持末端中心


(en d


focus)


和末端重量


(end


weight)


,以符合主语简


短、谓 语复杂的表达习惯,如:







1 was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job








他准备给我一份工作,这使我大吃一惊。








三、


修辞的考虑。

< br>英语修辞学主张不要过分使用被动句,


但适当使用被动句可以使表达方法


灵活多变,避免句型单调,达到一定的修辞效果。例如使用被动式可以减少以填补词“

< p>
it





there


”引导的句式,使句子比较干脆、有力。试比较:



There are many ways to vary the basic English sentence pattern of subject


verb



object




有许多方法可以变换英语“主一动一宾”基本句型。



The basic English sentence pattern of s ubject



vetb


< p>
object can be varied in many ways





英语“主一动一宾”基本句型可以用许多方法加以变换。







四、文体的需要。某些文体较多使用被动句,以迎合其表达的需要。


R



Quirk


等人指出:

< p>






There is a notable difference in the frequency with which the active and passive voices are


used



The


active


is


generally


the


more


common



but


there


is


considerable


variation


among


individual texts



The passive has been found to be as much as ten times more frequent in one text





another



The major stylistic factor determining its frequency seems to be related to the distinction


between


informative


and


imaginative


prose


rather


than


to


a


difference


of


subject


matter


or


of


spoken and written English



The passive is generally more commonly used in informative than in


imaginative writing



notably in the objective



non-personal style of scientific articles and news


items








这类信息性的


(informative)


文体主要指科技文体、新闻文体、公文文体及论述文体。科


技论文注重事理和活动的客观 叙述


(impersonal


activity


seen


objectively)


,力戒作者的主观臆


断,因而常常避免提及施事。


J

< p>


Perlmutter


指出,

< br>“


It



s traditional among technical writers to


keep


themselves


in


the


background



to


exclude


personal


pronouns


and


emphasize


their


work


instead



”新闻报道注重口气客观、间接,叙事翔实、冷静


(calm fact



teller)


,施事往往难以


言明,也不宜言明。公文则注重叙述公正、无私,口气客观、正式。


R



Ahick


对此曾作如

< p>
下解释:







The


passive


voice


allows


one


to


express


ideas


without


attributing


them


to


a


specific


individual


source



That


is


why


it


is


so


widely


used


in


government


communications



in


which


decisions and opinions are presumed to be those of the bureau or agency as a whole and not of


individual officials



But legitimate use can easily turn into abuse



While the convention by which


governmental edicts come from an impersonal entity can be defended



the indiscriminate use of


the passive as a grammatical camouflage can also be a sign of moral weakness



Anyone who does


not wish to assume personal responsibility for his statements finds an



out




by writing



it is


directed that




instead of



I direct that




or



it is the opinion of the firm




instead of



I think









The weak passive is used in newspaper writing for the same reason for which it is used in


governmental correspondence



to achieve the impersonal note



and thus



in many instances



to


disclaim direct responsibility for statements that are based on hearsay









英语有过分使用被动语态的倾向,


正式文体尤其如此。


英美语言学者都主张多用主动语


态,不要滥用被动语态。许多学者认为被动语 态虽有不少用处,但显得罗唆


(wordy)


、间接

< p>
(indirect)


、无力


(weak)


、隐晦


(oracular)


,故弄玄虚


(mysterious)


而深不可测


(i mpenetrable)


,使


交际者之间隔着一层被动的烟幕


(passive smoke-screen)


< p>
R



Quirk


曾引用< /p>


D



Senior


攻击被


动语态的话,


说它是



half the dilatoriness



the passing of the bucks



the shirking of responsibility



the lazy- mindedness



and the want of i nitiative


?”


.从众多语言学者批评滥用被动语态这 一事


实来看,


英语作者出于各种考虑和需要,

< br>确实广泛使用着被动语态,


尤其常用于上述的科技


文章< /p>


(technical writing)


、报刊文章

< p>
(newspaperese)


和官方文章


(bu reaucratese)




英语的结构被动句


(syntactic passive)


远比意义被动句


(notional pas sive)


多。一般地说,绝大多


数的及物动词和相当于及物动 词的短语都有被动式。


被动式可借助形态变化来表示,


因而形< /p>


式很多:


有限定动词多种时态的被动式,


也有非限定动词


(


不定式、


分词、


动名词


)


的被动式;


有非人称被动式


(impersonal passive)


,如



it is believed


等,也有双重被动式


(double passive)




The date is expected to be announced soon


,等 等。这些结构被动式不仅应用范围很广,而


且使用的频率也很高。意义被动式,即用主动 的形式表达被动的意义,在英语里比较少见


:


1)These products sell like hot cakes(= are so1d)






这些产品十分畅销。



2)The clock winds up at the back(=can be wound up)




这个钟在背面上发条。



3)She dresses beautifully (=is dressed)






她穿得很漂亮。



4)The room filled rapidly(=was filled)




房间很快就挤满了。



5)This kind of cloth washes very well(=can be washed)






这种布很经洗。



6)The book is printing(=is being printed)






这本书正在印刷。



7)The plan is working out(=is being worked out)




这项计划正在制定。




英语有些被动意义可用词汇手段来表达,如:



名词


(


短语


)





examinee(=person examined)


受审查者;受试人;考生




referee(=to whom a question is referred)



受委托者




his astonishment(=he was astonished)



他感到惊讶




the man



s trial(=the man was tried)



那个人受审问




the imprisonment of the murderer(=the murderer was imprisoned)



凶手被监禁




形容词:



eatable(=fit to be eaten)



可吃的




desirable(=to be desired)


想要的




visible(=that can be seen)


可以看见的




respectable(=deserving respect)


值得尊敬的




介词短语:




in one



s possession



in the possession of someone(= owned



held

< p>


kept or controlled by someone)


为某人所有,在某人的控制之下




under the influence (of alcoho1)(=drunk



affected by alcohol)



酒醉




尽管英语的被动意义有时可以不用被动式来表达,

< p>
但总的说来,


英语常用结构被动式,


少用


意义被动式。与此相反,汉语则常用意义被动式,少用结构被动式。这一差异主要是因为:







一、



汉语被动式的使用受到限制。



古代汉 语的被动式是用“为”字或“为??所”结构来表示的


(


如《论 语》


“不为酒困”


、杜


甫诗题


“茅屋为秋风所破”


)



没有


“被字式”



被动意义一般借助 主动式来表示。


到了近代,


汉语才有了“被字式”



“被”字是从“遭受”的意义演变而来的


(


如《后汉书


?


贾复传》


“身


被十二创”


)



“被字式”曾被称为“不幸语态”


(inflictive voice)


,主要用以表达对主语而言


是不如意或不企望的事

< br>(unpleasant or undesirable)


< br>如


“被捕”



“被杀”



“被剥削”



“被压 迫”


等。现代汉语受西方语言的影响,


“被字式”的使用范围有 所扩大,有时也可以用来表达并


非不如意的事,



“被选为工会主席”



“被评为先进工作者”


等,


但大多数被动意义不用


“被


字式”


。按照汉语的习惯,如果句中无须指出施事,主动意义与被动意义又不 致发生混淆,


一般就不用结构被动式


(


用介词或介词结构作状语


)


,而用意义被动式。试比较:



It was done


.这件事已做了。


(


不说“这件事已被做了”


)



It was well done


.这件事做得好。


(


不说“这件事已被做得好”


)



It was poorly done


.这件事做得不好。/这件事搞坏了。/这件事被弄坏了。/这件事给弄


糟了。








英语表 达这三种意义都可以用被动式,


但汉语却用主动式,


只有第三种 意义才用被动式。







除了“被”字之外,


“让”



“给”



“叫”



“挨”



“受”



“遭”



“蒙”等也可构成被动式,


但也大多表达类似“被字式”的不如 意或不企望的事,如:







1)


庄稼让大水冲跑了。







The crops were washed away by the flood








2)


这股敌人全给游击队消灭了。







The whole horde of enemy soldiers was wiped out by the guerrillas








3)


叫你猜对了。







You



ve guessed right








4)


这家工厂在地震中遭到严重破坏。







This factory was seriously damaged during the earthquake








与汉语相比,


英语的被动式所表达的意义不受此类限制,

< p>
它可以表达不如意的事,


也可


以表达如意的事,还 可以表达中性的意义,其应用的范围要比汉语广得多。


此外,


英 语的被


动式是由系表结构演变而来的,可以表示动作


(


动句


)


,也可以表示状态


(


静旬


)


,而汉语的被


动式却不是由系表结构演变而来的,一般只表示动作,而不表示状态。比较:







The glass is broken


< br>(


静句


)






玻璃杯 破了。


(


不用被动式


)






The glass was broken by my brother

< p>


(


动句


)






玻璃杯被我弟弟打破了。


(


被动式


)






玻璃杯是我弟弟打破的。


(


被动式的转换式


)






The house is surrounded by trees



(


静句


)






房子周围都是树。


(


不用被动式


)






The enemy was soon surrounded by our troops



(


动句


)






敌人很 快被我军包围了。


(


被动式


)







汉语的被动式除了受到意义的限制之外,还受到形式的限制。 王力指出,


“中国正常的被动


式是必须把主事者说出的。



’吕叔湘、朱德熙也认为,


“在形式上,< /p>


‘被’字底下一般要有宾


语,


表示主动者 。




这种限制使得许多难以说出施事 者的句子不能变成被动式,


虽然现代汉


语有突破这种限制的倾向 。与此相反,英语大多数被动句却不必说出施事者。


R



Quirk



人指出,



Unlike the active subject



the agent phrase is optional



1n fact



approximately four out


of five English passive sentences have no expressed (surface) agent



R



Zandvoort


也认为,< /p>



The


passive is especially used in sentences in which it is unnecessary or undesirable to mention the


agent



though the agent may be expressed by means of an adjunct with by



. O



Jespersen


也有


类似的观点。由于英汉这一表达形式 的差异,英语被动式的使用比汉语自由得多了。


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