-
医学英语术语
Chapter Two
Digestive
System
I
．
Introduction
The digestive system, also called the
alimentary
or
gastrointestinal tract
,
begins with the mouth, where food
enters the body, and ends with the
anus, where solid waste material leaves the body.
The primary functions of the organs
of
the digestive system are threefold.
First,
complex
food material
that
is
taken
into
the
mouth
must
be
digested
,
or broken
down,
mechanically
and
chemically, as it travels through the
gastrointestinal tract (passageway). Digestive
enzymes
are substances that
speed up
chemical reactions and help in
the breakdown (digestion) of complex nutrients.
Complex proteins are digested to simpler
amino acids
; complicated
sugars are reduced to simple sugars, such as
glucose
; and large fat
molecules are broken down
to
fatty acids
and
triglycerides
.
Second,
the
digested
food
must
be
absorbed
into
the
bloodstream
by
passing
through
the
walls
of
the
small
intestine. In this way, valuable
nutrients, such as sugar and amino acids, can
travel to all the ceils of the body. Within the
cells, nutrients are catabolized
(burned) in the presence of oxygen to release
energy stored within the food. Amino acid
nutrients are used to anabolize (build)
large protein molecules that are needed for growth
and development of cells. Fatty
acids
and triglycerides are also absorbed through the
walls of the small intestine but enter lymphatic
vessels rather than
blood
vessels.
These
digested
fats
eventually
enter
the
blood-
stream
as
lymph
vessels
join
with
blood
vessels
in
the
upper chest region.
The third function of the digestive
system is to eliminate the solid waste materials
that cannot be absorbed into the
bloodstream. These solid wastes, called
feces
, are concentrated in
the large
intestine and finally pass
out of the body
through the
anus.
II.
Combining forms
汉语意义
英语意义
咽
throat
[ θr?
ut
]
词根
例词
pharyngitis
pharyngotympanic
pharyngeal
craniopharyngioma
esophagoscope
esophagoscopy
esophageal
gastroesophageal
gastritis
gastroscopy
gastropathy
gastrinoma
stomachache
stomachalgia
stomachodynia
stomachoscopy
entercele
enterovirus
enteritis
enterogastrone
duodenal
duodenojejunal
gastroduodenal
hepatoduodenal
1
pharyng (o) -
食管
esophagus
[ i(:)'s
?
f
?
g
?
s ]
dsophag (o) -
胃
stomach
[ 'st
?
m
?
k ]
肠
intestine
[ in'testin ]
gastr (o) -
stomach (o) -
enter (o) -
十二指肠
duodenum
[ .dju(:)
?
u'di:n
?
m
]
duoden (o) -
回肠
ileum
[ 'ili
?
m
]
ile (o) -
ileocolic
ileal
ileum
ileocecal
colonoscopy
colitis
megacolon
supracolic
结肠
colon
[ k
?
u'l
?
un ]
col (o)
–
colon (o)
–
词根
peps (o) -
- gest (o) -
汉语意义
英语意义
消化
digestion
[ di'd
?
est
??
n,
dai'd
?
est
??
n ]
例词
dyspepsia
pepsinogen
pepsin
pepsinogenous
digestion
indigestion
digestive
digestible
sigmoidoscope
intersigmoid
sigmoiditis
sigmoidoscopy
rectocele
rectouterine
urorectal
rectovaginal
proctocele
proctoscope
proctoptosis
proctoscopy
anocutaneous
anorectal
anal
perianorectal
cholecystitis
cholecystolithiasis
cholecystokinin
cholecystectomy
hepatitis
hepatolithiasis
hepatocyte
hepatorrhexis
cholangiocarcinoma
cholangiography
cholangiitis
cholangiopancreatography
pancreatic
antralpancreatic
pancreatitis
hepatopancreatic
jejunal
jejunectomy
jejunitis
jejunotomy
cecitis
cecocolostomy
cecocolon
retrocecal
typhlenteritis
typhlocolitis
typhlocele
typhloempyema
appendicular
appendicitis
appendicopathy
appendicectomy
乙状结肠
sigmoid
colon
[ 'sigm
?
id
k
?
u'l
?
un ]
sigmoid (o) -
直肠
rectum
[
'rekt
?
m ]
肛门
anus
[ 'ein
?
s
]
胆囊
gallbladder
[ 'g
?
:lbl?d
?
]
肝
liver
[
'liv
?
]
胆管
bile duct
胰
pancreas
[ 'p?nkri
?s,
'p??
- ]
rect (o)
-
procto (o) -
an (o) -
cholecyst (o) -
hepat (o) -
cholangi (o) -
pancreat (o)
-
空肠
jejunum
[ d
?
i'd
?
u:n
?
m
]
jejun (o) -
盲肠
blind gut
阑尾
appendix
[
?
'pendiks
]
cec (o) -
typhl
(o) -
appendic (o) -
胆总管
common bile
duct
choledocholithiasis
choledochoduodenostomy
choledoch (o) -
choledochography
choledocholithotomy
2