-
2007
年考研英语（一）试题
Section I
Use of English
Directions:
Read
the
following
text.
Choose
the
best
word(s)
for
each
numbered
blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on
ANSWER SHEET 1
. (10 points)
By
1830
the
former
Spanish
and
Portuguese
colonies
had
become
independent
nations.
The
roughly
20
million
___1___
of
these
nations
looked
___2___
to
the
future.
Born
in
the
crisis
of
the
old
regime
and
Iberian
Colonialism,
many
of
the
leaders
of
independence
___3___
the
ideals of representative
government, careers ___4___ to talent, freedom
of commerce and trade, the ___5___ to
private property, and a belief in
the
individual as the basis of society. ___6___ there
was a belief that the
new nations
should be sovereign and independent states, large
enough to
be economically viable and
integrated by a ___7___ set of laws.
On
the
issue
of
___8___
of
religion
and
the
position
of
the
church,
___9___,
there
was
less
agreement
___10___
the
leadership.
Roman
Catholicism had been
the state religion and the only one ___11___ by
the
Spanish
crown.
___12___
most
leaders
sought
to
maintain
Catholicism
___13___ the official religion of the
new states, some sought to end the
___14___ of other faiths. The defense
of the Church became
a rallying
___15___ for the conservative forces.
The ideals of the early leaders of
independence were often egalitarian,
valuing equality of everything. Bolivar
had received aid from
Haiti and
had
___16___
in
return
to
abolish
slavery
in
the
areas
he
liberated.
By
1854
slavery
had
been
abolished
everywhere
except
S
pain’s
___17___
colonies.
Early
promises
to
end
Indian
tribute
and
taxes
on
people
of
mixed
origin came much ___18___ because the new nations
still needed
the
revenue
such
policies
___19___.
Egalitarian
sentiments
were
often
tempered by fears that
the mass of the population was ___20___ self-rule
and democracy.
1.
[A] natives[B] inhabitants[C]
peoples[D] individuals
2.
[A] confusedly[B] cheerfully[C]
worriedly[D] hopefully
3.
[A] shared[B] forgot[C] attained[D]
rejected
4.
[A] related[B]
close[C] open[D] devoted
5.
[A] access[B] succession[C] right[D]
return
6.
[A] Presumably[B]
Incidentally[C] Obviously[D] Generally
7.
[A] unique[B] common[C]
particular[D] typical
8.
[A]
freedom[B] origin[C] impact[D] reform
9.
[A] therefore[B]
however[C] indeed[D] moreover
10.
[
A] with[B] about[C]
among[D] by
11.
[
A] allowed[B] preached[C]
granted[D] funded
12.
[
A] Since[B] If[C] Unless[D]
While
13.
[
A]
as[B] for[C] under[D] against
14.
[
A] spread[B]
interference[C] exclusion[D] influence
15.
[
A]
support[B] cry[C] plea[D] wish
16.
[
A] urged[B] intended[C]
expected[D] promised
17.
[
A] controlling[B] former[C]
remaining[D] original
18.
[
A] slower[B] faster[C]
easier[D] tougher
19.
[
A] created[B] produced[C]
contributed[D] preferred
20.
[
A] puzzled
by
，
[B] hostile to
[C] pessimistic
about
，
[D] unprepared for
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer
the questions below each text by
choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark
your answers on
ANSWER SHEET
1
. (40 points)
Text 1
If you were to
examine the birth certificates of every soccer
player in
2006’s World Cup
tourname
nt, you would most likely find
a noteworthy
quirk: elite soccer
players are more likely to have been born in the
earlier
months
of
the
year
than
in
the
later
months.
If
you
then
examined
the
European national youth teams that feed
the World Cup and professional
ranks,
you
would
find
this
strange
phenomenon
to
be
even
more
pronounced.
What
might
account
for
this
strange
phenomenon?
Here
are
a
few
guesses:
a)
certain
astrological
signs
confer
superior
soccer
skills;
b)
winter-born
babies
tend
to
have
higher
oxygen
capacity,
which
increases
soccer
stamina;
c)
soccer-mad
parents
are
more
likely
to
conceive children in springtime, at the
annual peak of soccer mania;
d)
none of the above.
Anders
Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at
Florida State
University,
says
he
believes
strongly
in
“none
of
the
above.”
Ericsson
grew up in Sweden,
and studied nuclear engineering until he realized
he
would have more opportunity to
conduct his own research if he switched
to
psychology.
His
first
experiment,
nearly
30
years
ago,
involved
memory:
training
a
person
to
hear
and
then
repeat
a
random
series
of
numbers. “With the first subject, after
about 20 hours of training, his digit
span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson
recalls. “He kept improving, and
after
about
200 hours of training he had
risen to over 80 numbers.”
This success, coupled with later
research showing that memory itself
is
not
genetically
determined,
led
Ericsson
to
conclude
that
the
act
of
memorizing
is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive
one. In other
words,
whatever
inborn
differences
two
people
may
exhibit
in
their
abilities to memorize, those
differences are swamped by how well each
person
“encodes”
the
information.
And
the
best
way
to
learn
how
to
encode
information
meaningfully,
Ericsson
determined,
was
a
process
known as deliberate practice.
Deliberate practice entails more than simply
repeating
a
task.
Rather,
it
involves
setting
specific
goals,
obtaining
immediate
feedback
and
concentrating
as
much
on
technique
as
on
outcome.
Ericsson
and
his
colleagues
have
thus
taken
to
studying
expert
performers in a wide range of pursuits,
including soccer. They gather all
the
data they can, not just performance statistics and
biographical details
but
also
the
results
of
their
own
laboratory
experiments
with
high
achievers.
Their
work
makes
a
rather
startling
assertion:
the
trait
we
commonly
call
talent
is
highly
overrated.
Or,
put
another
way,
expert
performers
–
whether
in
memory
or
surgery,
ballet
or
computer
programming
–
are nearly always made,
not born.
21.
T
he
birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is
mentioned
to
[A] stress the
importance of professional training.
[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in
the World Cup.
[C] introduce the topic
of what makes expert performance.
[D]
explain why some soccer teams play better than
others.
22.
T
he
word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably
means
[A] fun.
[B] craze.
[C] hysteria.
[D] excitement.
23.
A
ccording to Ericsson, good
memory
[A] depends on meaningful
processing of information.
[B] results
from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.
[C] is determined by genetic rather
than psychological factors.
[D]
requires immediate feedback and a high degree of
concentration.
24.
E
ricsson and his colleagues
believe that
[A] talent is a dominating
factor for professional success.
[B]
biographical data provide the key to excellent
performance.
[C] the role of talent
tends to be overlooked.
[D] high
achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.
25.
W
hich of the
following proverbs is closest to the message the
text tries
to convey?
[A]
“Faith will move mountains.”
[B] “One reaps what one
sows.”
[C] “Practice makes
perfect.”
[D] “Like father,
like son.”
Text 2
For the past several years, the Sunday
newspaper supplement Parade
has
featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are
invited to query
Marilyn
vos
Savant,
who
at
age
10
had
tested
at
a
mental
level
of
someone
about
23
years
old;
that
gave
her
an
IQ
of
228
–
the
highest
score
ever
recorded.
IQ
tests
ask
you
to
complete
verbal
and
visual
analogies,
to
envision
paper
after
it
has
been
folded
and
cut,
and
to
deduce
numerical
sequences,
among
other
similar
tasks.
So
it
is
a
bit
confusing
when
vos
Savant
fields
such
queries
from
the
average
Joe
(whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the
difference between love and fondness?
Or what is the nature of luck and
coincidence? It’s not obvious how the
capacity to visualize objects and to
figure out numerical patterns suits one
to
answer
questions
that
have
eluded
some
of
the
best
poets
and
philosophers.
Clearly,
intelligence
encompasses
more
than
a
score
on
a
test.
Just
what
does
it
mean
to
be
smart?
How
much
of
intelligence
can
be
specified, and how much
can we learn about it from neurology, genetics,
computer science and other fields?
The defining term of intelligence in
humans still seems to be the IQ
score,
even though IQ tests are not given as often as
they used to be. The
test comes
primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet
Intelligence Scale
and the Wechsler
Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and
children’s
version).
Generally
costing
several
hundred
dollars,
they
are
usually
given
only
by
psychologists,
although
variations
of
them
populate
bookstores and the World
Wi
de Web. Superhigh scores like vos
Savant’s
are
no
longer
possible,
because
scoring
is
now
based
on
a
statistical
population distribution among age
peers, rather than simply dividing the
mental
age
by
the
chronological
age
and
multiplying
by
100.
Other
standardized tests, such as the
Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the
Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the
main aspects of IQ tests.
Such
standardized
tests
may
not
assess
all
the
important
elements
necessary to
succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J.
Sternberg. In
his article “How
Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg
notes that
traditional test best assess
analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure
creativity
and
practical
knowledge,
components
also
critical
to
problem
solving and life
success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily
predict so
well once
populations
or situations
change.
Research has
found
that
IQ
predicted
leadership
skills
when
the
tests
were
given
under
low-stress
conditions, but under high-stress
conditions, IQ was negatively correlated
with leadership
–
that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has
toiled
through
SAT
will
testify
that
test-taking
skill
also
matters,
whether
it`s
knowing when to guess or what questions
to skip.
26.
W
hich of the following may
be required in an intelligence test?
[A] Answering philosophical questions.
[B] Folding or cutting paper into
different shapes.
[C] Telling the
differences between certain concepts.
[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to
the given ones.
27.
W
hat can be inferred about
intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?
[A] People no longer use IQ scores as
an indicator of intelligence.
[B] More
versions of IQ tests are now available on the
Internet.
[C]
The
test
contents
and
formats
for
adults
and
children
may
be
different.
[D]
Scientists
have
defined
the
important
elements
of
human
intelligence.
28.
P
eople
nowadays
can
no
longer
achieve
IQ
scores
as
high
as
vos
Savant’s
because
[A]
the
scores
are
obtained
through
different
computational
procedures.
[B] creativity
rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.
[C] vos Savant’s case is an extreme one
that will not repeat.
[D]
the defining characteristic of IQ tests has
changed.
29.
W
e
can conclude from the last paragraph that
[A] test scores may not be
reliable indicators of one’s
ability.
[B] IQ scores and
SAT results are highly correlated.
[C]
testing involves a lot of guesswork.
[D] traditional test are out of date.
30.
W
hat is the
author’s attitude towards IQ tests?
[A] Supportive.
[B]
Skeptical.
[C] Impartial.
[D] Biased.
Text 3
During
the
past
generation,
the
American
middle-class
family
that
once
could
count
on
hard
work
and
fair
play
to
keep
itself
financially
secure had been
transformed by economic risk and new realities.
Now a
pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a
disappearing spouse can reduce a family
from solidly middle class to newly poor
in a few months.
In
just
one
generation,
millions
of
mothers
have
gone
to
work,
transforming basic family economics.
Scholars, policymakers, and critics
of
all stripes have debated the social implications
of these changes, but
few have looked
at the side effect: family risk has risen as well.
Today’s
families have budgeted to the
limits of their new two-paycheck status. As
a result, they have lost the parachute
they once had in times of financial
setback
–
a
back-up
earner
(usually
Mom)
who
could
go
into
the
workforce
if
the
primary
earner
got
laid
off
or
fell
sick.
This
“added
-
worker
effect”
could
support
the
safety
net
offered
by
unemployment insurance or disability
insurance to help families weather
bad
times.
But
today,
a
disruption
to
family
fortunes
can
no
longer
be
made up with extra income
from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.
During
the
same
period,
families
have
been
asked
to
absorb
much
more
risk
in
their
retirement
income.
Steelworkers,
airline
employees,
and now those in the auto industry are
joining millions of families who
must
worry
about interest
rates,
stock
market
fluctuation,
and the
harsh
reality that they may outlive their
retirement money. For much of the past
year,
President
Bush
campaigned
to
move
Social
Security
to
a
saving-account
model,
with
retirees
trading
much
or
all
of
their
guaranteed payments for payments
depending on investment returns. For
younger families, the picture is not
any better. Both the absolute cost of
healthcare and the share of it borne by
families have risen
–
and
newly
fashionable
health-
savings
plans
are
spreading
from
legislative
halls
to
Wal-Mart workers, with
much higher deductibles and a large new dose of
investment
risk
for
families’
future
healthcare.
Even
demographics
are
working
against
the
middle
class
family,
as
the
odds
of
having
a
weak
elderly
parent
–
and
all
the
attendant
need
for
physical
and
financial
assistance
–
have jumped eightfold in
just one generation.
From
the
middle-class
family
perspective,
much
of
this,
understandably,
looks
far
less
like
an
opportunity
to
exercise
more
financial
responsibility,
and
a
good
deal
more
like
a
frightening
acceleration
of
the
wholesale
shift
of
financial
risk
onto
their
already
overburdened
shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and
the political
fallout may not be far
behind.
31.
T
oday’s
double
-income families are at greater
financial risk in that
[A] the safety
net they used to enjoy has disappeared.
[B] their chances of being laid off
have greatly increased.
[C] they are
more vulnerable to changes in family economics.
[D] they are deprived of unemployment
or disability insurance.
32.
A
s a result of President
Bush’s reform, retired people may have
[A] a higher sense of security.
[B] less secured payments.
[C] less chance to invest.
[D] a guaranteed future.
33.
A
ccording to the author,
health-savings plans will
[A] help
reduce the cost of healthcare.
[B]
popularize among the middle class.
[C]
compensate for the reduced pensions.
[D] increase the families’ investment
risk.
34.
I
t can be inferred from the
last paragraph that
[A] financial risks
tend to outweigh political risks.
[B]
the middle class may face greater political
challenges.
[C] financial problems may
bring about political problems.
[D]
financial responsibility is an indicator of
political status.
35.
W
hich of the following is
the best title for this text?
[A] The
Middle Class on the Alert
[B] The
Middle Class on the Cliff
[C] The
Middle Class in Conflict
[D] The Middle
Class in Ruins
Text 4
It
never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and
boards have finally sorted
out their
worst accounting and compliance troubles, and
improved their
feeble corporation
governance, a new problem threatens to earn them
–
especially in
America
–
the sort of nasty
headlines that inevitably lead to
heads
rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity.
Left, until now, to odd,
low-level
IT
staff
to
put
right,
and
seen
as
a
concern
only
of
data-rich
industries such as
banking, telecoms and air travel, information
protection
is now high on the
bo
ss’s agenda in businesses of every
variety.
Several massive
leakages of customer and employee data this year
–
from
organizations
as
diverse
as
Time
Warner,
the
American
defense
contractor
Science
Applications
International
Corp
and
even
the
University of
California, Berkeley
–
have
left managers hurriedly peering
into
their
intricate
IT
systems
and
business
processes
in
search
of
potential vulnerabilities.
“Data is becoming an asset which needs
to be guarded as much as any
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