-
LESSON ONE
展
The
development of
air
cargo
航空货运的发
Small
package service
: A specialized service
guaranteeing the delivery of
small
parcels within specified express time limits ,.
same day or next day.
This traffic is
subject to size and weight limitations. Most
passenger air
carriers also provide
this service at airport ticket counters with
delivery
at
destination
baggage
claim
area.
It
’
s
often
referred
to
as
counter
to
counter.
Ton
mile
:
The
common
measurement
of
transportation
productivity.
One ton mile means one ton of cargo
flown one mile.
All-cargo
aircraft
: Aircraft for the carriage of
cargo only, rather than the
combination
of passengers and cargo . Cargo aircraft carry
palletized or
containerized traffic on
the main deck and either unitized or bulk cargo
on
the
lower
deck.
Cargo
aircraft
are
normally
equipped
with
special
cargo loading systems on the main deck.
Also referred to as freighters.
TEXT
The
term
air
cargo
is
generally
used
in
the
broad
sense,
to
include
air
freight , mail ,and the
several types of expedited small package services.
In
short,
almost
everything
that
goes
in
the
cargo
compartment
on
a
passenger
flight is considered air cargo ,except passenger
baggage, which
is treated as part of
the passenger.
The
airline
got
their
start
carrying
mail,
then
progressed
into
the
passenger business and
moved to substantial participation in the freight
business.
Yet
although
it
was
the
latecomer,
air
freight
was
once
the
fastest-
growing segment of the airline industry. From 1961
through 1971,
the
ton-miles
of
freight
carried
by
US
scheduled
airlines
had
nearly
a
fivefold increase, while passenger-
miles increased a little over threefold.
The
1970s
showed
slower
but
steady
growth,
about
a
67
percent
increase over the decade for ton-miles
of air freight.
In the 1980s
small-package express services grew rapidly and
data for
that
decade
reflect
freight
and
express
combined.
They
show
an
85
percent increase in ton-miles in the
ten years. Most recent figures show
an
increase of
percent from
1990-1993.
But it would be a
mistake to downgrade the importance of air cargo
only because it is a small business
compared with the passenger business.
Because
of
its
speed,
and
because
of
the
many
savings
deriving
from
speed,
air
cargo
service
has
become
valuable
to
manufactures,
to
retailers,
and
to
consumers.
A
manufacturer
of
appliances
may
rely
on
the
airlines
for
delivery
of
components,
while
retailers
may
use
air
for
moving
much
of
their
merchandise
to
their
scattered
outlets.
The
consumer
may
benefit
in
many
ways,
such
as
quick
receipt
of
urgently
needed goods. The
consumer also benefits indirectly to the extent
that
use
of
air
may
involve
and
overall
cost
saving
in
the
manufacture
and
distribution of goods.
Many airlines specialize in carrying
cargo. But much cargo is carried by
regular passenger airlines, which means
most cargo today travels in the
cargo
holds on passenger flights , rather than all-cargo
aircraft.
In 1949 the Civil
Aeronautics Board (CAB) established a class of
airline
called certificated cargo
carriers. The one member of that survived into
the 1980s was the flying tiger line,
which developed a large worldwide
network and, for a time
,was the world
’
s
largest carrier of air freight. In
1989
it was acquired by the small-package carrier
federal express.
The 1970s
and 1980s saw a remarkable growth in small-package
traffic.
The
1990s,
however,
have
seen
small-package
carriers
expand
into
the
air
freight business, the merger of
Federal
Express
with Flying Tiger being
consistent with this trend. The term
integrated carrier was initially used
for
small-package
carriers
using
their
own
trucks
for
pickup
and
delivery
—“
integrate
d
”
in the sense of one-com-
any service from door to
door. Not only
have these carriers been expanding into air
freight, many
air
freight
forwards
now
operate
their
own
aircraft
and
provide
one-company
< br>“
integrated
”
service. The term is now coming to be used
to
distinguish
the
airline
that
carries
only
cargo
from
the
combination
carrier that is
primarily in the passenger
business and
takes cargo as a
sideline.
LESSON TWO
Air
Freight
航空运费
Air
waybill
: The document made by or on
behalf of the shipper which is
a
documentary
evidence
of
carrier
’
s
and
shipper
’
s
signature
to
the
contract of carriage.
Shipment
:
Also
known
as
consignment.
One
or
more
pieces
of
freight
being
transported under the contracted authority of one
air waybill
Customs
Broker
: an agent specialized in inbound
customs clearance
Container
:
A
unit
load
device
(ULD)
in
which
a
consignment
can
be
transported.
TEXT
The
movement
of
freight
by
air
is
more
complicated
than
the
movement of passengers
by air. Every piece of freight has to be carefully
labeled and transported from place to
place. In addition, there are more
complicated
government
regulations
for
international
shipment
of
freight than for
passengers.
Because
of
these
complications,
most
air
freight
shipments
are
handled
by
freight
forwarding
agencies,
which
fill
a
function
similar
to
that
performed by travel agencies for passengers. In
other words , they
take care of making
all the necessary arrangements so that the
customer
is not bothered with many of
the details.
The
air
freight
agent
does
most
of
his
work
by
telephone.
Let
’
s
suppose that a shipping clerk calls in
from a company that sends a large
number of shipments by air. The air
freight agent assigns an air waybill
number to the shipment. Then he
arranges for pickup of the shipment.
He
can also book the shipment on whatever flights are
necessary. When
the shipment is
received by the airline, each piece is marked with
the air
waybill number for
identification.
Air freight
is carried either in the baggage compartment of a
regular
passenger flight, or by
freights which
have been
especially designed or
adapted for carrying cargo. The
freighters usually operate between major
shipping points.
The charges on air freight are
determined either by weight or weight
plus
volume----that
is
,
by
the
size
of
the
pieces
in
the
shipment.
Generally, a certain number of cubic
inches is considered the equivalent
of
a pound of weight. On
international shipments, the
shipper is at
present
allowed
194
cubic
inches
for
each
pound.
If
he
exceeds
the
volume allowance, he pays a higher
rate.
With
passengers,
the
fare
for
the
flight
is
almost
always
paid
in
advance.
With
freight,
however
the
airline
can
accept
payment
on
delivery,
this
is
customary
with
large,
frequent
shippers.
A
member
of
the
general
public
who
is
shipping
personal
effects
would
probably
be
asked
to
prepay.
In
regard
to
international
shipments,
however,
some
countries
do
not
permit
and
shipments
except
those
that
have
been
prepaid, no matter who
the shipper is.
With a
member of the public, the agent is probably unable
to assign
an air waybill number,
ascertain the charges, or book the shipment on
specific flights until the shipment has
been received by the airline, when
it
is
weighed,
and
checked
to
see
if
it
is
adequately
packed.
When
a
company
is
marking
a
first-time
shipment,
particularly
if
it
is
an
international
shipment,
the
airline
agent
might
recommend
a
freight
forwarding
agency
to
help
the
shipper
with
all
the
problems
of
documentation, insurance,
and so on.
In
addition to the freight forwarding agencies, the
shipping business
has
also
given
rise
to
another
occupation,
the
customs
broker.
The
customs broker gives assistance to
international shippers both in getting
necessary
documentation
for
outgoing
shipments
and
in
getting
incoming shipments,
through customs formalities. In almost all
countries,
incoming freight must go
through customs, before it can be released to
the
consignee.
Freight
usually
must
be
opened
and
inspected
in
the
presence of the
consignee or his representative. This is one of
the jobs
performed by a customs
broker.
The
airway bill is the most important document in the
shipping of air
freight. The common
practice on most airlines is to mark each piece of
freight in the shipment with an air
waybill number.
It
is
a
complicated
document.
There
are
usually
as
many
as
twelve
copies of each air
waybill. Copies go to the shipper, the consignee,
and
each airline on which the freight
travels. The air waybill shows the value
of
the
shipment,
the
charges,
the
insurance,
the
flights
on
which
the
freight is being
shipped, and other information.
The entire business of shipping freight
is a complicated
addition
to
the
routine
of
arranging
for
collection
and
delivery,
booking
the
shipments on flights,
and filling out air waybill, the freight agent is
also
involved
in
such
problems
as
tracing
lost
or
strayed
shipments
and
dealing with claims on
damaged shipments. He must also be acquainted
with
the
special
services
that
his
airline
offers,
such
as
containerized
service, in
which the airline provides the shipper with
special containers.
Air
freight,
will
probably
make
up
a
large
share
of
the
total
airline
business
in
the
future.
Airlines
generally
make
a
larger
profit
carrying
freight
than
passengers,
a
fact,
which
guarantees
the
growth
of
air
freight services.
LESSON THREE
Types of
carriers
承运人类型
Special
terms
Integrated
carrier
：
A
carrier
that
provides
door-to-door
air
cargo