读外刊学英语How does a pandemic end

后，科学家们也需要数年时间才能更< /p>

好地了解发生了什么，一些谜团仍然

存在。

viral

[?va?

r

?

l] adj.

病毒的；病毒性的；病毒引起的

like or caused by a virus

a viral infection

病毒性感染

a viral email (= that is sent on from one person to others, who then send it on again)

传播病

毒邮件

infect

[

?n?fekt]

记忆技巧：

in

使…；加以…；饰以…

+ fect

做

→

使…做

→

影响

verb

[VN]

~

sb/sth

(with

sth)

1

传染；使感染

to

make

a

disease

or

an

illness

spread

to

a

person, an animal or a plant

It is not possible to infect another person through kissing.

接吻不可能把这种病传染给他人。

people infected with HIV

染上艾滋病病毒的人

2 [usually passive]

使携带病菌

to make a substance contain harmful bacteria that can spread

disease

同义词：

contaminate

eggs infected with salmonella

带沙门氏菌的鸡蛋

3

传染，使感染（计算机病毒）

to

make

a

computer

virus

spread

to

another

computer

or

program

4

使感染（某种感情）

；影响

to make sb share a particular feeling

She infected the children with her enthusiasm for music.

她对音乐的热爱感染了孩子们。

die out

逐渐消亡

;

;

绝种

;

;

（风等）逐渐停止

句型

“

It + will be +

时间段

+ before...

”

句型中，

表示

“ 要过多久才…”

其否定形式

“

It will/would

not be +

时间段

+ before

…”表示“ 不久就……，过不了多久就……”

。

It was five days before he came back.

五天后他才回来。

It was six day before we got to the beach.

六天后我们才到达海滩。

Here’s what we do

know: in order for a pandemic to end,

我们所知道的是

:

为了结束一场大流

the disease in question has to reach a point at which it is

行，这种疾病必须达到一个临界点，

unable to successfully find enough hosts to catch it and

即它不能成功地找到足够的宿主来

then spread it. In the case of that pandemic, though

it’s

感染它，然后传播它。以那次大流

famous for sweeping the world in 1918 and 1919, cases

行为例，尽管它在

1918

年和

1919

spiked again in early 1920. As with other flu strains, it

年席卷了全世界，

但病例在

1920

年

m ay have become more active in the winter because

初再次激增。根据密西根大学医学

people were spending more time indoors in closer

史中 心主任霍华德·

马克尔

（

Howard

proximity to one another and because viruses can enter

Markel

）

的说法，

与其他流感病毒一

cracks in skin dried out by artificial heat and fires,

样，这种病毒在冬季可能变得更加

according to Howard Markel, physician and director of

活跃，因为人们在室内的时间变长，

the Center for the History of Medicine at the University

彼此接触更密切，而且皮肤因暖气

of Michigan.

和灶火而变得干燥，病毒就可以进

入皮肤裂缝中，

。

in question

被提及的

;

讨论中的

;

相关的

host

[h

??

st]

noun 1 [C]

主人

a person who invites guests to a meal, a party, etc. or who has people staying

at their house ---- hostess

女主人

2 [C]

东道主；主办国（或城市、机构）

a country, a city or an organization that holds and

arranges a special event

The college is playing host to a group of visiting Russian scientists.

学院正在接待一批来访的俄罗斯科学家。

3 [C]

（电视或广播的）节目主持人

a person who introduces a television or radio show, and

talks to guests

同义词：

comp

è

re

see also announcer(1), presenter(1)

a TV game show host

电视游戏节目主持人

4 [C] (technical

术语

)

（寄生动植物的）寄主，宿主

an animal or a plant on which another

animal or plant lives and feeds

5 [C] ~ of sb/sth

许多；大量

a large number of people or things

a host of possibilities

多种可能性

6 [C]

（计算机网络的）

主机，

服务机

the main computer in a network that controls or supplies

information to other computers that are connected to it

transferring files from the host to your local computer

从主机向你的本地机传送文件

7 the Host [sing.]

（成圣体的面饼）祭品，祭饼

the bread that is used in the Christian service

of Communion , after it has been blessed

verb [VN] 1

主办，主持（活动）

to organize an event to which others are invited and make all

the arrangements for them

Germany hosted the World Cup finals.

德国主办了世界杯决赛。

2

主持（电视或广播节目等）

to introduce a television or radio programme, a show, etc.

同

义词：

comp

è

re

3

作为主人组织（聚会）

；做东

to organize a party that you have invited guests to

to host a dinner

设宴招待客人

4

（通常收费在与互联网连接的计算机上）存储网站

to

store

a

website

on

a

computer

connected to the Internet, usually in return for payment

a company that builds and hosts e-commerce sites

在互联网上建立并存储电子商务网站的公司

spike

[spa

?

k]

1 [C]

尖状物；

尖头；

尖刺

a thin object with a sharp point, especially a pointed piece of metal,

wood, etc.

Her hair stood up in spikes.

她的头发一缕一缕地翘着。

2 [C, usually pl.]

（

防滑）

鞋钉

a metal point attached to the sole of a sports shoe to prevent you

from slipping while running

3 spikes [pl.]

（赛跑用的）钉鞋

shoes fitted with these metal spikes , used for running

a pair of spikes

一双钉鞋

4 [C]

穗；穗状花序

a long pointed group of flowers that grow together on a single stem

5 [C, usually sing.] (informal, especially NAmE)

猛增；急升

a sudden large increase in sth

a spike in oil prices

油价的急剧上涨

verb 1 [VN]

用尖物刺入（或扎破）

to push a sharp piece of metal, wood, etc. into sb/sth; to

injure sth on a sharp point

同义词：

stab

2 ~ sth (with sth)

在…中偷偷掺入（烈酒、毒药或毒品）

to add alcohol, poison or a drug to

sb's drink or food without them knowing

He

gave

her

a

drink

spiked

with

tranquillizers.

他给了她一杯偷偷放了镇静剂的饮料。

(figurative) Her words were spiked with malice.

她的话暗含恶意。

3 [VN]

拒绝发表；

阻止…传播；

阻挠

to reject sth that a person has written or said; to prevent

sth from happening or being made public

The article was spiked for fear of legal action against the newspaper.

因担心被提起诉讼，报社未发表那篇文章。

4 [V] (especially NAmE)

迅速升值；急剧增值

to rise quickly and reach a high value

The US dollar spiked to a three-month high.

美元猛然升值到三个月来的最高价。

习语

spike sb's guns

(BrE)

打乱对手的计划

to spoil the plans of an opponent

proximity

[pr

ɑ

?k?s?

m

?

ti]

noun [U] ~ (of sb/sth) (to sb/sth)

(formal)

（

时间或空间）

接近，

邻近，

靠近

the state of being

near sb/sth in distance or time

a house in the proximity of (= near) the motorway

靠近高速公路的一座房子

The proximity of the college to London makes it very popular.

这所学院因靠近伦敦而备受欢迎。

The area has a number of schools in close proximity to each other.

这个地区有许多学校比邻而立。

the death of two members of her family in close proximity

她的两个亲人在短时间内的相继去世

strain

[stre

?

n]

noun 1 [U, C]

压力 ；

重负；

重压之下出现的问题

（或担忧 等）

pressure on sb/sth because they

have too much to do or manage, or sth very difficult to deal with; the problems, worry or anxiety

that this produces

Their marriage is under great strain at the moment.

眼下他们的婚姻关系非常紧张。

These repayments are putting a strain on our finances.

偿还这些债务对我们的财务状况形成了压力。

Relax, and let us take the strain (= do things for you) .

你歇一下，我们来顶一会儿。

2

[U,

C]

压力；拉力；张力；应力

the

pressure

that

is

put

on

sth

when

a

physical

force

stretches, pushes, or pulls it

The rope broke under the strain .

绳子给拉断了。

The ground here cannot take the strain of a large building.

这块地承受不住大型建筑的压力。

The cable has a 140kg breaking strain (= it will break when it is stretched or pulled by a force

greater than this) .

这种缆索的断裂应变力为

140

公斤。

3 [C, U]

劳损；拉伤；扭伤

an injury to a part of your body, such as a muscle, that is caused by

using it too much or by twisting it

a calf/groin/leg strain

腿肚子

/

腹股沟

/

腿部拉伤

muscle strain

肌肉劳损

4 [C]

（动、植物的）系，

品系 ，

品种；

（疾病的）类型

a particular type of plant or animal, or

of a disease caused by bacteria, etc.

a new strain of mosquitoes resistant to the poison

对这种毒药有抗药性的新品种蚊子

This is only one of the many strains of the disease.

这种病有许多类型，这只是其中之一。

5

[C,

usually

sing.]

个性特点；性格倾向；禀性

a

particular

tendency

in

the

character

of a

person or group, or a quality in their manner

同义词：

streak

He had a definite strain of snobbery in him.

他这个人明显有一股势利小人的气味。

6 [C, usually pl.] (formal)

乐曲；曲调；旋律

the sound of music being played or sung

She could hear the strains of Mozart through the window.

她能听见窗户里飘出的莫扎特的旋律。

1 [VN]

损伤；拉伤；扭伤

to injure yourself or part of your body by making it work too hard

2 ~ (sth) (for sth) | ~ (sth) (to do sth)

尽力；竭力；使劲

to make an effort to do sth, using all

your mental or physical strength

[VN to inf] I strained my ears (= listened very hard) to catch what they were saying.

我竖起耳朵去听他们在说些什么。

[VN] Necks were strained for a glimpse of the stranger.

大家伸长了脖子想看一看这个陌生人。

[V to inf] People were straining to see what was going on.

人们翘首企足看发生了什么事。

[V] He burst to the surface, straining for air.

他冲出水面，使劲吸气。

Bend gently to the left without straining.

轻轻向左弯，不要用力。

3 [VN]

过度使用；使不堪承受

to try to make sth do more than it is able to do

The sudden influx of visitors is straining hotels in the town to the limit.

游客突然涌入，城里的旅馆全都爆满。

His constant complaints were straining our patience.

他没完没了的抱怨让我们忍无可忍。

4 [V + adv./prep.]

用力推（或拉）

；拉紧

to push hard against sth; to pull hard on sth

She strained against the ropes that held her.

她使劲挣了挣拴着她的绳子。

The dogs were straining at the leash , eager to get to the park.

几条狗用力拽着皮带，急于要去公园。

5

[VN]

~

sth

(off)

滤；过滤

to

pour

food,

etc.

through

sth

with

very

small

holes

in

it,

for

example a sieve , in order to separate the solid part from the liquid part

Use a colander to strain the vegetables.

把蔬菜放在漏筐里控控水。

Strain off any excess liquid.

滤掉多余的液体。

习语

strain at the leash

(informal)

急于；迫不及待

to want to do sth very much

Like all youngsters, he's straining at the leash to leave home.

跟所有年轻人一样，他也急于从家里出去。

strain every nerve/sinew (to do sth)

(formal)

竭尽全力

（做某事）

to try as hard as you can to

do sth

creak

under

the

strain

因负担过重而效率低下；由于压力过大而运转不灵

if

a

system

or

service creaks under the strain , it cannot deal effectively with all the things it is expected to do or

provide

It wasn’t until the middle of 1920

that the pandemic was

finally over in many places, though there was no official

declaration that the coast was clear.

“

The end of the

pandemic occurred because the virus circulated around

the globe, infecting enough people that the world

population no longer had enough susceptible people in

order for the strain to become a pandemic on

ce again,”

says medical historian

J. Alexander Navarro, Markel’s

colleague and assistant director of the Center for the

History of Medicine.

直到

1920

年中期，大流行才在许

多地方最终结束，

尽管当时没有官< /p>

方声明没有危险。

“

< br>大流行的结束

是因为病毒在全球传播，

感染了足