2018年政府工作报告 中英文全文

供给体系质量和效率。

Second, with a commitment to treating supply-side structural reform as our main task, we

have focused on fostering new growth drivers to speed up economic structural upgrading.

We have persevered in relying on reform to overcome economic difficulties and address structural

imbalances,

made

a

big

push

to

foster

emerging

industries,

overhauled

and

strengthened

traditional industries, and improved the quality and performance of the supply system.

扎实推进

―

三去一降一补

‖

。五年来，在淘汰水泥、平板玻璃等落后产能基础上，以钢铁、煤

< br>炭等行业为重点加大去产能力度，中央财政安排

1000

亿元专项奖补资金予以支持，用于分

流职工安置。退出钢铁产能

1.7

亿吨以上、煤炭产能

8

亿吨，安 置分流职工

110

多万人。因

城施策分 类指导，三四线城市商品住宅去库存取得明显成效，热点城市房价涨势得到控制。

积极稳 妥去杠杆，控制债务规模，增加股权融资，

工业企业资产负债率连续下降，

宏观杠杆

率涨幅明显收窄、总体趋于稳定。多措并举降成本，压减政府性基金 项目

30%

，削减中央

政府层面设立的 涉企收费项目

60%

以上，阶段性降低

―

五险一金

‖

缴费比例，推动降低用能 、

物流、电信等成本。突出重点加大补短板力度。

Solid

work

has

moved

us

forward

in

the

five

priority

tasks

of

cutting

overcapacity,

reducing

excess

inventory,

deleveraging,

lowering

costs,

and

strengthening

areas

of

weakness.

Over

the

past five years, building on work to cut backward production capacity in the cement, plate glass,

and other industries, we have intensified efforts to cut overcapacity, prioritizing industries such as

steel and coal; and a 100-billion-yuan fund for rewards and subsidies has been put in place by the

central government to support efforts to assist affected employees. We have cut steel production

capacity by more than 170 million metric tons and coal production capacity by 800 million metric

tons, and over 1.1 million affected employees have been assisted. Thanks to city-specific policies

and category-specific guidance, clear progress has been made in reducing commercial residential

housing

inventory

in

third-

and

fourth-tier

cities,

and

the

growth

of

housing

prices

in

the

most

popular

cities

has

been

brought

under

control.

We

have

taken

active

and

prudent

steps

to

deleverage,

control

the

scale

of

debts,

and

expand

equity

finance.

The

debt-to-asset

ratio

of

industrial enterprises has been consistently declining. Macro leverage ratio is increasing by much

smaller margins and is generally stable. We have used a combination of measures to bring down

6

costs: 30 percent of government-managed funds and fees have been cut; over 60 percent of the

fees and charges levied on businesses by the central government have been abolished; the ratio of

enterprise

contributions

to

old-age

pension,

medical

insurance,

unemployment

insurance,

and

maternity

insurance,

workers’

compensation,

and

housing

provident

fund

schemes

has

been

reduced

for

the

time

being,

and

work

has

been

done

to

lower

energy,

logistics,

and

telecommunications

costs.

We

have

stepped

up

efforts

to

strengthen

areas

of

weakness,

with

a

focus on key issues.

加快新旧发展动能接续转换。深入开展

―

互联网

+‖

行动，实行包容审慎监 管，推动大数据、

云计算、

物联网广泛应用，

< br>新兴产业蓬勃发展，

传统产业深刻重塑。

实施

中国制造

2025‖

，

推进工业强基、

智能制造、绿色制造等重大工程，

先进制造业加快发展。出台现代服务业改

革发展举措，

服务新业态新模式异军突起，

促进了各行业融合升级。

深化农 业供给侧结构性

改革，新型经营主体大批涌现，种植业适度规模经营比重从

30%

提升到

40%

以上。 采取措

施增加中低收入者收入，

推动传统消费提档升级、

新兴消费快速兴起，

网上零售额年均增长

30 %

以上，社会消费品零售总额年均增长

11.3%

。优化投资结构，鼓励民间投资，发挥政府

投资撬动作用，

< br>引导更多资金投向强基础、

增后劲、

惠民生领域。

高速铁路运营里程从

9000

多公里增加到< /p>

2

万

5

千公里、

占世界三分之二，

高速公路里程从

9. 6

万公里增加到

13.6

万公

里，新建改建农村公路

127

万公里，新建民航 机场

46

个，开工重大水利工程

122

项，完成

新一轮农村电网改造，建成全球最大的移动宽带网。五 年来，

发展新动能迅速壮大，经济增

长实现由主要依靠投资、< /p>

出口拉动转向依靠消费、

投资、

出口协同 拉动，由主要依靠第二产

业带动转向依靠三次产业共同带动。这是我们多年想实现而没有 实现的重大结构性变革。

We

have

sped

up

the

replacement

of

old

growth

drivers.

We

have

done

more

in

carrying

out

the

Internet Plus Initiative

, exercised accommodative and prudential regulation, and promoted the

extensive

application

of

big

data,

cloud

computing,

and

the

Internet

of

Things;

emerging

industries have achieved vigorous growth, and traditional industries have undergone a thorough

remodeling. Implementation of the

Made in China 2025 Initiative

has brought progress in major

projects

like

the

building

of

robust

industrial

foundations,

smart

manufacturing,

and

green

manufacturing,

and

has

accelerated

the

development

of

advanced

manufacturing.

We

unveiled

reform and development measures to foster modern services; and this has led to a marked rise in

new forms of business in the services sector and new service models as well as the integration and

upgrading of multiple sectors. Deepened supply-side structural reform in agriculture has brought

the

emergence

of

a

large

number

of

new

types

of

agribusiness.

The

share

of

appropriately

scaled-up farming has increased from 30 to over 40 percent. We have taken measures to increase

the

incomes

of

those

in

low-

and

middle-income

brackets,

and

helped

to

see

an

upgrading

of

traditional forms of consumption, and a boom in new forms of consumption. Online retail sales

have been growing at an average annual rate of over 30 percent, and total retail sales of consumer

goods

have

enjoyed

an

average

annual

increase

of

11.3

percent.

We

have

improved

the

composition of investment, encouraged private investment, used government investment to play a

catalytic

role,

and

guided

more

funding

toward

areas

that

strengthen

the

economic

foundation,

enhance sustainability, and improve people’s lives. China’s in

-operation high-speed railways have

grown from over 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers, accounting for two thirds of the world’s total. Our

expressways

have

grown

from

96,000

to

136,000

kilometers.

We

have

built

or

upgraded

1.27

million

kilometers

of

rural

roads,

built

46

new

civilian

airports,

and

begun

work

on

122

major

water conservancy projects. We have completed the latest round of rural power grid upgrading,

7

and put in place the largest mobile broadband network in the world. Over the past five years, new

growth

drivers

have

rapidly

grown

in

strength.

Economic

growth,

in

the

past

mainly

driven

by

investment and exports, is now being fueled by consumption, investment, and exports. In the past

dependent mainly on secondary industry, growth is now powered by a combination of the primary,

secondary,

and

tertiary

industries.

This

is

a

major

structural

transformation

that

for

years

our

sights have been set on, but we were always unable to achieve.

推进供给侧结构性改革，

必须破除要素市场化配置障碍，

降低制度性交易成本。

针对长期存

在的重审批 、轻监管、弱服务问题，我们持续深化

―

放管服

‖

改革，加快转变政府职能，减少

微观管理、直接干预 ，注重加强宏观调控、市场监管和公共服务。五年来，国务院部门行政

审批事项削减

44%

，

非行政许可审批彻底终结，

中央政府层面核准的企业投资项目减少

90%

，

行政审批中介服务事项压减

74%

， 职业资格许可和认定大幅减少。中央政府定价项目缩减

80%

， 地方政府定价项目缩减

50%

以上。全面改革工商登记、注册资 本等商事制度，企业开

办时间缩短三分之一以上。创新和加强事中事后监管，实行

―

双随机、一公开

‖

，随机抽取检

查人员和检查对象、

及时公开查处结果，

提高了监管效能和公正性。

推行

―

互联网

+

政务服务

‖

，

实施一站式服务等举措。营商环境持续改善，市场活力明显增强，群 众办事更加便利。

Advancing supply- side structural reform demands removing barriers to market based allocation of

the

factors

of

production

and

reducing

government-imposed

transaction

costs.

To

address

the

longstanding

issues

of

excessive

emphasis

on

approval

procedures,

insufficient

attention

to

regulatory

processes,

and

a

failure

to

provide

strong

services,

we

have

been

consistently

deepening

reforms

to

streamline

administration,

delegate

powers,

improve

regulation,

and

strengthen

services.

We

have

sped

up

efforts

to

transform

government

functions,

reduced

micromanagement

and

direct

intervention,

and

done

more

to

improve

macro

regulation,

market

regulation, and public services. Over the past five years, the number of items subject to approval

by

State

Council

offices

and

departments

has

been

slashed

by

44

percent,

the

practice

of

non-administrative approval has been completely put to a stop, the number of business investment

items

subject

to

central

government

approval

has

been cut

by

90

percent,

intermediary

services

needed for obtaining government approval have been cut by 74 percent, and the requirements for

professional qualification approval and accreditation have been significantly reduced. The number

of items for which central government sets the prices has been cut back by 80 percent, and local

government-priced items have been cut down by over 50 percent. Comprehensive reforms have

swept the business system, including business and capital registration, reducing the time it takes to

start

a

business

by

over

a

third.

We

have

developed

new

and

better

ways

of

conducting

compliance

oversight,

and

introduced

a

new

model

of

oversight

combining

randomly

selected

inspectors who inspect randomly selected entities and the prompt release of results. These efforts

have

made

regulation

more

effective

and

impartial.

We

have

rolled

out

the

Internet

Plus

Government Services model and adopted measures such as the one-stop service model. Thanks to

the

above

reforms,

the

business

environment

has

consistently

improved,

the

market

is

more

energized, and people can access government services more easily.

< br>实施创

新驱动发展战略，优化创新生态，形成多主体协同、全方位推进的创新局面 。扩大科研机构

和高校科研自主权，

改进科研项目和经费管理， 深化科技成果权益管理改革。支持北京、上

海建设科技创新中心，新设

< br>14

个国家自主创新示范区，带动形成一批区域创新高地。以企

< br>8

业为主体加强技术创新体系建设，涌现一批具有国 际竞争力的创新型企业和新型研发机构。

深入开展大众创业、万众创新，实施普惠性支持 政策，完善孵化体系。各类市场主体达到

9800

多万户，五年 增加

70%

以上。国内有效发明专利拥有量增加两倍，技术交易 额翻了一

番。我国科技创新由跟跑为主转向更多领域并跑、领跑，成为全球瞩目的创新创 业热土。

Third,

with

a

commitment

to

innovation-driven

development,

and

a

focus

on

unlocking

public creativity, we have achieved a remarkable improvement in our general capacity for

making

innovations

and

for

seeing

that

innovation

delivers.

We

have

put

into

action

the

innovation-driven

development

strategy

and

worked

to

build

a

better

ecosystem

for

innovation,

giving shape to innovation involving multiple actors making across-the-board advances. Research

institutes and universities now have greater say over their research; research projects and funding

are

better

managed,

and

the

way

of

managing

rights

and

interests

relating

to

scientific

and

technological

advances

has

undergone

reform.

We

have

supported

Beijing

and

Shanghai

in

building

themselves

into

centers

for

scientific

and

technological

innovation,

and

set

up

14

new

national

innovation

demonstration

zones,

thus

creating

a

number

of

regional

innovation

hubs.

With

enterprises

as

the

main

actors,

we

have

boosted

the

development

of

a

system

for

technological

innovation.

China

has

seen

the

emergence

of

a

number

of

world-class

innovative

enterprises

and

new-type

R&D

institutions.

We

have

launched

and

taken

bold

moves

in

the

nationwide business startup and innovation initiative, adopted support policies designed to benefit

all entrepreneurs and innovators, and improved the incubation system. China’s market entities, all

types included, now total over 98 million, an increase of more than 70 percent over the past five

years.

The

number

of

in-force

Chinese

invention

patents

issued

in

China

has

tripled,

and

the

volume of technology transactions has doubled. In the global race of scientific and technological

innovation, China has shifted place, from following others to keeping pace and even leading the

pack in more and more areas. Our country has become a globally recognized fertile ground for

innovation and business ventures.

（四）坚持全面深化改革，着力破除体制机制弊端，发展动力 不断增强。

国企国资改革扎

实推进，公司制改革基本完成，兼并 重组、压减层级、提质增效取得积极进展。国有企业效

益明显好转，去年利润增长

23.5%

。深化能源、铁路、盐业等领域改革。放宽非公有制经济< /p>

市场准入。

建立不动产统一登记制度。完善产权保护制度。财税改 革取得重大进展，全面推

行财政预决算公开，

构建以共享税为主 的中央和地方收入分配格局，

启动中央与地方财政事

权和支出责 任划分改革，

中央对地方一般性转移支付规模大幅增加、

专项转 移支付项目减少

三分之二。

基本放开利率管制，

建立存款保险制度，

推动大中型商业银行设立普惠金融事业

部，深化政策性、开发性金融机构改革，

强化金融监管协调机制。

< br>完善城乡义务教育均衡发

展促进机制，改革考试招生制度。建立统一的城乡居民基 本养老、

医疗保险制度，

实现机关

事业 单位和企业养老保险制度并轨。出台划转部分国有资本充实社保基金方案。实施医疗、

医 保、

医药联动改革，全面推开公立医院综合改革，取消长期实行的药品加成政策，药品医

疗器械审批制度改革取得突破。

推进农村承包地

―

三权

‖

分置改革、