学术论文的常见语言表达

1

学术论文的语言表达

征求意见稿

总则

语言风格清晰流畅的书面语言

注意向 已发表的文章学习语言专业术语必须从该领域的文献中学习避免自创的新奇语句

应注意的问题

一时态

时态是个比较复杂的问题虽然 有一般的规则但往往在实际文章中很难把握总体的

规则已在前 边讲过需要重申的是在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃详见学术论文的写作

最常见的描述一般现象的时态是一般现在时有时也用一般过去时或一般将来时

需要注意的语法

In recent years

作时间状语时通常要用完成时

In recent years, Plesch and coworkers

have concluded

that many so- called cationic

polymerizations do not proceed through intermediates of an ionic nature.

二数

数也有其复杂化特别是在学术论 文里有是很难顾及数上的逻辑但一般不将逻辑上

的问题视为语 法错误只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可

以下是需要注意的语法

不规则变化的单复数

单数复数

criterion criteria

依据

phenomenon phenomena

现象

medium media

介质

radius radii

半径

index indices

指数

appendix appendices

附录

stimulus stimuli

刺激

basis bases

基础

2

synthesis syntheses

合成

matrix matrices

基体

Novel biomaterials with improved, specific biological action are being developed using polymers

that are responsive to environmental

stimuli

.

一些数有特殊性的名词

data, kinetics

通常作复数名词

research, work:

不可数名词

The

data

in Table 1

are

obtained from the reactions at different temperatures.

The

kinetics

of polymerization within each droplet

are

the same as those for the corresponding

bulk polymerization.

Much research has

been done to redirect the tropism of retroviruses by engineering the envelope

glycoprotein.

Most research

on poly(ortho esters)

has

focused on the synthesis of polymers.

一些结构的数

<

< br>主谓的统一

>

one of

复数名词单数

none of

复数名词复数

none of

单数名词

/

不可数名词单数

no

复数名词复数

no

单数名词

/

不可数名词单数

a kind of

单数名词单数

this/that kind of

单数名词单数

these kinds of

复数名词复数

复数名词

of this/that kind

复数

sort

与

kind

类似

a type of

单数名词单数

a series of

复数名词复数

a class of

复数名词复数

the number of

复数名词单数

a number of

复数名词复数

Ara-C

is one of most important

antitumor agent

s

, especially used in the treatment of various

leukaemias.

One of

possibilitie

s

for enhancing the pharmacological properties

is

to link it to a carrier.

Biocompatibility is

one of

the main

criteria

for the selection of a particular biomaterial.

3

Controlled drug delivery technology represent

s one of most

rapid advancing area

s

of science in

which chemists are contributing to human health care.

Several model

s

have been proposed but

none appear

to be generally applicable.

None of

the presently used

ones are

applied rigorously.

Thus far

no studies have

conclusively demonstrated long-term value of any of the cardiac gene

therap approaches.

This type of

termination

is

often referred to as spontaneous termination.

A number of

polymer backbone

s that are

potentially degradable

are

detailed in the text.

The number of

mechanism

s

which

have

been proposed to explain the stereopecificity of

Ziegler-Natta catalysts.

* The number of

复数名词

:

整个做主语时谓语应为单数

;

但此句的动词

have

是从句的谓语

而从句是形容

mechanisms.

在其它的从句谓语中也是同样如

:

One

of the mechanism

s which have

been……

A series of

telomer

s

reported in table 1

were

then synthesized.

A diverse range

of mechanism

s have

been developed.

Polymer

s are

a promising

class

of biomaterial

s

that can be engineered to meet specific end-use

requirements.

The most important class

of poly(amide

s

) for controlled release

are

the poly(amino acids).

The majority of

poly(anhydride

s

)

are

prepared by melt- condensation polymerization.

A wide variety of

natural and synthetic polymer

s have

been used to fabricate tissue-engineering

matrices.

后面通常要用复数名词对可数名词而言

various different

most all many several

one of many of

kinds of

a number of the number of

a (wide) variety of a class of

a series of a wide range of

Dozens of different

type

s

of receptor

s are

present on the average mammalian cell.

4

In

a number of

special application

s

(e.g. contact lens

es

and skin-grafting material

s

), additional

requirement

s

such as transparency should be considered when selecting

a

polymer.

Many of

these transmembrane protein

s are

receptor

s

.

Some

polymer

s are

highly crystalline primarily because their structure is conductive to packing,

while

others are

crystalline primarily because of the secondary forces.

For still other

polymer

s

,

both factors may be favorable for crystallization.

形容可数名词的量词

a few many a number of

形容不可数名词的量词

a great/small/certain amount of a great/good deal of

形容可数和不可数名词均可的量词

a lot of lots of

Although

a few

polymer

s

may be completely amorphous and a few completely crystalline,

most

polymer

s are

partially or semi-crystalline in character.

The use of IPNs has received

a great deal of attention

in recent years and different kind

s

of IPN

have been synthesized with different composition

s

.

The major amount of work

on size distributions

has

been on polyesters and polyimides.

A sizeable amount work has

been published on the copolymerizations of various cyclic

monomers.

以下结构的谓语的数

由前一个决定

, as well as……

由较靠近谓语动词的决定

not only……but also……

either……or……

neither……nor……

三冠词

冠词是最易犯错误的地方一定 要注意否则编辑的负担极重因为每句话都会用到冠

词最普通的规则如下

单数名词前一般要加冠词

a , the

等但有些情况可不加

复数名词前一般可不加冠词也可加

the, these, those.

5

The

molecular weight of

a

polymer is of prime importance in

its

synthesis and

application.

The

rate constant can be expressed by

an

Arrhenius type relationship

K = A e

-E/RT

Where A is

the

collision frequency factor, E

the

Arrhenius activation energy, and

T

the

Kelvin

temperature.

A

plot of

lnK versus 1/T allows

the

determination of

both E

and A from

the

slope

and

intercept

, respectively.

When

a

water- insoluble

or

only

slightly

water-soluble

monomer

is

added,

a

very

small

fraction

dissolves and goes into solution. A large but still small portion of

the

monomer

enters

the

interior

hydrocarbon part of

the

micelles. The largest portion of

the

monomer is dispersed

as monomer

droplets.

被修饰的名词前要加

the:

There has been a rapidly increasing effort in the last ten to fifteen years toward

the synthesis of

new polymers

with markedly higher temperature resistance than those previously

available.

The catalysts usually must be prepared at the low temperatures since most of them

become

heterogeneous when prepared at or warmed up to

the temperatures above about -40

.

四从句分词不定式

这些是写作时常用 且必须用到的结构一定要掌握在学术论文中从句分词不定式通

常用来作修饰

Applications in the relatively new field of tissue engineering,

where polymers are

used to assist

regeneration of three-dimensional tissue structures

, are more and more integrated with

biological demands.

There are three general synthetic approaches

that have been used to produce polymers

with

increased thermal stability

.

If certain symmetry requirements are met, the molecules are able to pack into an

ordered, lattice

arrangement and crystallization occurs. The temperature

at which this occurs

is Tm.

There are at least two mechanisms

through which the infectivity of a vector can be

blocked

.

Biodegradable polymers

containing

ˋ

hydrolysable

ˊ

groups in their chains

, which are

susceptible

to

biodegradation

to

low

molecular

weight,

nontoxic

products,

have

also

been

considered for controlled drug delivery systems.

Polymers

possessing high strength, solvent and chemical resistance, and serviceability at

high

temperatures

would find a variety of uses.