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Chapter One Introduction
modern
linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? why
Modern linguistics is
mainly synchronic, focusing on the
present-day language. unless the
various states of a language are
successfully studied, it will not be
possible to describe language
from a
diachronic point of view.
现
代语言学主要是共时性的，
重点研究现代语言。
除非对语言的各
种
状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。
what reasons does
modern linguistics give priority to speech
rather than to writing?
Speech is prior to writing;
The writing system is invented when
needed;
Today there are languages which
can only be spoken but not
written;
Speech plays a greater role than
writing in daily communication;
Each
human being first acquires speech and then learns
writing;
Modern linguistics tends to
pay more attention to authentic speech.
are the major functions of language?
Think of your own
examples for
illustration.
The descriptive
function.
It is the function to convey
factual
information,which can be
asserted or denied,and in some cases
even
verified,e.g.
”
The Sichuan
earthquake is the most serious one
China has ever
suffered.
”
The
expressive function,
supplies
information about the user
’
s
feelings,preferences,
values,e.g.
”
I will never go
camping with the Simpsons
again.
”
The
social function,
serves to establish and
maintain social
relations between
people,e.g.
”
How can I help
you, sir?
Chapter Two Phonology
are
the
two
major
media
of
communication?
Of
the
two,
which one is primary and why?
Speech
and
writing
are
two
major
media
of
linguistic
communication.
Modern linguistics regards speech as the primary
one for some reasons. From the point of
view of linguistic evolution,
speech is
prior to writing. The writing system is to record
speech.
Even today, there are some
tribes without writing system. From the
view of children’s development,
children acquire his mother tongue
before they learn to write.
criteria are used to classify the English vowels?
The criteria used to classify English
vowels are:
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