-
语言学概论
1.
Language
—
a system
of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human
communication
2.
Nature of language
Arbitrary
.
Systematic
.
Vocal
.
Symbolic
.
human specific
for
communication
3.
Design
features of language
①
Productivity/creativity.
produce
or
understand
indefinite
sentences
by
using
finite set of rules
②
Duality. Sounds
and meaning system
③
Arbitrariness: no connection between
words and meanings.
④
Displacement. overcome barriers caused
by space and time
⑤
Transferability. Spoken and read,
transfer into each other.
⑥
Cultural
transmission
：
Language
and
culture
are
closely
connected.
Languages are parts of
culture
，
reflect
culture and pass on from generation to
generation by learning
4.
Function of
language
①
informative
function(
最重要
)
②
phatic
function
—
maintain social
relationship
③
recording function
④
performative
function
带来行为效果
⑤
physiological/emotive/expressive
function
⑥
recreation function(pleasure function)
5.
some basic distinctions in
linguistic
（
前
三个是老师重点讲的）
⑴
langue and
parole
(
语言和言语
)
﹡
Langue refers
to the abstract linguistic system shared by all
the members of a
speech community
Parole refers to particular realization
of langue
﹡
Langue is the social,
conventional side of language
Parle is
individualized speech
﹡
Langue is relatively stable
and systematic, whereas
Parole is more variable and
may change according to contextual factors
﹡
Langue and
Parole together constitute language
⑵
synchronic and
diachronic
(
共识语言学和历识语言学
)
﹡
Language can be studied at
a given point in time or over time
﹡
when
we
study
language
at
one
particular
time,
it
is
called
synchronic
study(synchronic linguistics)[state of
language at any point in history]
﹡
when
we
study
language
developments
through
time
diachronic
s
tudy(diachronic/linguistics)[differences of two or
more than two languages
over time]
⑶
competence and
performance
(
能力和表现
)
﹡
competence
—
the
knowledge that native speakers have of their
language as
a system of abstract formal
relations
①
what
he knows
②
the
ideal language users knowledge of that language
system
③
stable
﹡
performance
—
their
actual
linguistic
behavior
，
the
actual
use
of
this
knowledge
①
what he does
②
the actual
realization of the language user’s
knowledge
③
variable
﹡
The language
user’s performance is not a true reflection of
his competence
⑷
prescriptive
and descriptive
Prescriptive grammars tell what should
be in the language.
Descriptive grammars tell what is in
the language.
⑸
speech and writing
In the past,
spoken language is primary, but not the written,
and the spoken
language
in
some
sense
dependent
upon
the
standard
written
language.
However, language is primarily vocal.
6.
Scope of phonetics
①
articulatory phonetics
发音语言学
（简答题）
②
acoustic
phonetics
声学语言学
③
auditory
phonetics
听觉语言学
7.
Constant
分类
⑴
place of articulation
①
bilabial
双唇音
②
labiodental
唇齿音
③
interdental
/dental
齿间音
④
alveolar
齿龈音
⑤
palatal
腭音
⑥
velar
软腭音
⑦
uvula
小舌音
⑧
glottal
声门音
⑵
manner of articulation
①
stops/plosives
爆破音
②
fricatives
摩擦音
③
affricates
塞擦音
④
nasals
鼻音
⑤
liquids
流音
⑥
glides
滑音
8.
Phonemes
音素
（
定义题
）
定义：
the minimum phonemic unit
that is not further analyzable into smaller units
9.
Minimal pairs
and sets (
定义或者分析题
)
﹡
Minimal
pairs:
two
different
forms
are
identical
in
every
way
except
for
one
sound
segment
that occurs in
the
same place in
the string, the two words
are
called minimal pairs
﹡
Minimal sets: more than two
different forms are identical in every way except
for one sound segment that occurs in
the same place in the string, the words are
called minimal sets