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上海高考英语备考训练
上海高考英语题型训练：概要写作
概要写作是在正确理解文章的基础上，
在不改变原文的中心思想
，
体裁和结构的
前提下，
省去细节，<
/p>
用简明、
精炼的语句高度浓缩地概况文章的主要内容和观点。
注意只需要用不同语言复述原文主旨，不能加入自己的观点。
I helped an old man in rags who lost
his way,
Main point: I helped an old
man.
Details: in rags, who
lost his way.
概要写作是阅读理解和书面表达
的沟通桥梁，
考查的是学生在实现自由的思维表
达之前，
对他人的信息在理解的基础上进行概括表达的能力。
选材上，
提供一篇
350
词以内的短文，题材不限，一般
以议论文说明文或者记叙文为主，要求考生
写出一篇
60
词以内的内容概要。完成一篇概要写作，需要经过三个步骤。
1
，读懂原文，找出段落主题句，概况全文中心思想。在阅读过程中，
需要准确
把握文章的段落大意，
剔除非重要信息，
弄清楚不同体裁的文章的内部逻辑关系
以及文章的篇章结构。
2
，组织语言，对主题句和中心思想同义替换表达。
在转换改写中，注重语言表
达的独立性和准确性以及高级性，
不
照抄原文句子，
尽量用自己的语言转换表达，
同时要注意篇幅的
比例安排，用较多的文字去表达重要的内容。
3
，
找出恰
当的关联词，连贯全文。要牢记各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和自然衔
接，关注文章内部逻
辑，关注一切有转承关系的连接词，尤其是一些副词，
比如，
h
owever, besides, in addition, therefore,
instead
等。
为写好概要写作，在平时的阅读中，应注意：
1
，
培养抓中心句、概况中心思想的习惯。
2
，
掌握句型转换方法，学会用不同的语法结构表达同一个主题。
3
，
积累同义替换词和连接词。
Summary Writing
Direction: Read the following passage.
Sammarize the main idea
and the main
point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words.
Use your own words
as far as possible.
Unit 1,
A remarkable variety
of insects live in this planet. More species of
insects exist
than all other animal
species together. Insects have survived on earth
for more than
300 million years, and
may possess the ability to survive for millions
more. Insects
can be found almost
everywhere -- on the highest mountains and on the
bottom of
rushing streams, in the cold
South Pole and in bubbling hot springs. They dig
through
the ground, jump and sing in
the trees, and run and dance in the air. They come
in
many different colors and various
shapes.
There are many
reasons why insects are so successful at
surviving. Their
amazing ability to
adapt permits them to live in extreme ranges of
temperatures and
environments. The one
place they have not yet been found to any major
extent is in
the open oceans. Insects
can survive on a wide range, of natural and
artificial
foods
—
paint,
pepper, glue, books, grain,
cotton
，
other insects, plants
and animals
Because they are small they
can hide in tiny spaces.
Also, insects have an enormous
reproductive capacity: An African ant queen
can lay as many as 43,000 eggs a day.
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上海高考英语备考训练
Another reason for their success is the
strategy of protective color. An insect
may be right before our eyes, but
nearly invisible because it is cleverly
disguised(
伪
装
)
like a green leaf, lump of brown soil, gray lichen
(
青苔
),a seed or some other
natural object Some insects use bright,
bold colors to send warning signals that they
taste bad, sting or are poison. Others
have wing patterns that look like the eyes of a
huge predator, bitter-tasting insects;
hungry enemies are fooled into avoiding
them.
参考答案：
Insects are expert at surviving than
all other animal species for
following
reasons. First, their amazing adaptable ability
allows them to live in
extreme ranges
of temperatures and environments / situation.
Moreover, insects
have a great
reproductive ability. The third reason is that
they can use protective
colors to
protect them from their enemies.
Unit 2,
Have you ever been
involved in animal rescue? This is what happened
to the
Winter the dolphin. Winter was
found off the coast of Florida in December of
2005.
She was just a few months old,
alone, and caught in a crab trap. The ropes from
the
trap were wrapped tightly around
her body.
The fisherman who
found her called for help, and the rescue team
soon arrived.
The ropes had cut off the
blood circulation to her tail. She was badly hurt.
Her
rescuers didn't think she would
survive. Hoping for a miracle and racing against
time
to save her, the rescuers
transferred her to the Clearwater Marine Aquarium
in
Florida.
The
doctors managed to save Winter, but sadly, not her
tail. Her tail flukes were
too damaged
and had to be removed so Winter could live.
The little dolphin Winter survived
against all odds, but she would never be able
to swim normally without a tail.
Thankfully the story doesn't end here. Winter was
able to swim, but not very well.
Because she didn't have a tail. She moved her body
in a side-to-side motion like a shark.
But doctors at the aquarium were worried that
unconventional moment would hurt her
spine.
Kevin Car
roll heard
Winter’s sto
ry and thought he could
help. He is a specialist
who designs
and provides prostheses for people. If he could
help people, why not
help a dolphin? He
started working with Winter and came up with a
solution for the
new fluke and tail
section
Kevin designed a
stretchy sleeve to fit winter’s body
and protect her skin. Then a
tail made
of silicone and plastic was made to tightly fit
over the sleeve. Now winter
can swim
like other dolphins. And she is a great
inspiration to people who struggle
with
their own injuries.
参考答案：
A dolphin
Winter was found trapped in ropes by a fisherman.
Badly
injured, she had to be
transferred to an aquarium where doctors saved her
but her
damaged tail was removed.
Luckily, a specialist Kevin designed an artificial
tail for her.
She swims normally again,
which inspires people fighting with injuries.
(51words)
Unit 3,
Take Care of Your Spine
(
脊柱
)
The spine stands at the center of your
health,
providing your body with
structure and support. It also contains your
spinal cord, a
massive collection of
nerves that sends electric signals from the rest
of your body to
your brain. Therefore,
it’s important to take care of it.
Maintaining your good posture is one of
the most important things you can do
to
keep your spine healthy. Proper posture means
standing or sitting while keeping
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上海高考英语备考训练
your spine straight, except
for its natural curves. Posture comes into play
even when
you’re asleep. Sleeping on
your side puts less stress on your spine than most
other
positions. Having a comfortable
bed is also very important as sleeping in a
position
that isn’t comfortable can
leave your back feeling sore the next day.
Exercise is also an
important factor in the health of your spine.
Staying still for
too
long
—
even if your posture is
good
—
can be hard on your
back. Especially if you
work at a desk
most of the day, it’s important to get up and
stretch periodically.
Stretches can
help the muscles around your spine relax and allow
bones to shift into
better positions.
Strength exercises with light weights or
bodyweight exercises like
pushups can
also help by strengthening the muscles around your
spine. However,
don’t overdo the
exercise, as repeated motions can hurt the muscles
around your
spine.
Your diet
also affects the health of your spine because many
vitamins are
necessary for bones and
nerves. In particular, B vitamins help keep nerves
healthy, so
you may want to consider
taking a supplement (
补充物
).
Another important factor is
vitamin D,
which is essential for strong bones, but it’s also
absorbed from sunlight, so
it may help
to do some of those back exercises outside.
Many of the actions necessary to keep
your spine healthy are identical to those
need to preserve your health in other
ways. So protect our back, and the rest of body
will benefit.
参考答案
1
：
How can you keep your spine healthy to
enjoy a better life? First,
avoid poor
posture and long-time motionlessness when
standing, sitting or sleeping.
Second,
do some stretching and strengthening exercises but
avoid overtraining.
Finally, have a
multi-vitamin diet for healthy bones and nerves
with vitamin
supplements if necessary
and expose to the sun.
参考答案
2
：
Central to health, your spine needs
your good care. First, keep a
good
posture, including standing or sitting straight
and sleeping on your side in a
comfortable bed. Second, avoid keeping
a same posture for long and take proper
exercise to relax and strengthen spine
muscles. Third, have a diet with enough
vitamins for healthy bones and nerves.
(58 words)
Unit 4,
As is
known to all, many things can be measured in terms
of data. Sometimes
data can indeed tell
the truth. With the help of data we can easily
know the price of
a can of Coke in the
supermarket or the result of a football match or
the temperature
of a certain day.
Obviously, data can make our life easier and more
omfortable. What
is more important,
data seem to be fairer than words or statements.
If the data are
true, we don’t have to
wo
rry about being cheated. Nowadays, as
lies exist in the
world, data are
expected to tell the truth. Therefore, many of us
would rather believe
data. On the other
hand, if we judge things only by data from the so-
called specific
research, aren’t we a
little
too narrow-minded? Many people
often treat the
so-called specific data
unwisely just to make sure that they are making
the right
decisions. But sometimes we
may find that data aren’t everything.
For example, how
can you tell that
somebody isn’t a good student just because he or
she doesn’t get
high marks in the final
examination?
There are
many things in our life which cannot be measured
by data. For example,
the degree of
your feeling happy in your life, the depth of love
between you and your
friends, and the
faith you have in your country. We can only feel
them in our hearts
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