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上海高考英语备考训练
上海高考英语题型训练：概要写作
概要写作是在正确理解文章的基础上，
在不改变原文的中心思想
，
体裁和结构的
前提下，
省去细节，<
/p>
用简明、
精炼的语句高度浓缩地概况文章的主要内容和观点。
注意只需要用不同语言复述原文主旨，不能加入自己的观点。
I helped an old man in rags who lost
his way,
Main point: I helped an old
man.
Details: in rags, who
lost his way.
概要写作是阅读理解和书面表达
的沟通桥梁，
考查的是学生在实现自由的思维表
达之前，
对他人的信息在理解的基础上进行概括表达的能力。
选材上，
提供一篇
350
词以内的短文，题材不限，一般
以议论文说明文或者记叙文为主，要求考生
写出一篇
60
词以内的内容概要。
完成一篇概要写作，需要经过下列步骤。
1
，读原文，找出全文中心思想和段落主题句。注重全文第一句，每段首尾句。
碰上细节句，比如具体数字、举例等可以跳过不读。
2
，
组织语
言，对主题句和中心思想同义替换表达。在转换改写中，注重语言表
达的准确性、高级性
，不照抄原文句子，同时注意篇幅的比例安排，用较多
的文字表达重要的内容。
转换方式：
（
1
）
常用词替换：比如
be able to
替代
can, have the
ability
；
a great many
替换
a lot of; convincing
替换
persuasive
等。
（
2
）
改变词性，
比如
successful
变成
succeed in doing;
happy
变成
happily;
adapt
替换
adaptive, reproductio
n
替换
reproduce
、
reproductive
等。
（
3
）
改变句式，
比如把原文两个句子变成主从复合句，
< br>把原文的从句变成非谓
语动词，普通句改成
it
is
句式等。
3
，
找出恰当的关联词，连贯全文。如：
first,
what’s more, last but not least
等，
关注各段落之间的逻辑关系，关注一切有转承关系的连接词，如
howeve
r,
besides, in addition, therefore,
instead
等。
4
，
大略估
算一下字数，
如果不足
50
个字，
尝试加上形容词、
副词如：
extraor
dinary,
amazing, significantly, greatly
等，或者用定语从句，状语从句、非谓语动词加
上一点文中的细
节扩张原来的短句。
5
，
检查：
语法错误如单复数、主谓一致、时态、主干和从句主谓齐全、非谓语
动词准确。杜绝低级
错误。
为写好概要写作，在平时的阅读中，应注意：
1
，
培养抓中心句、概况中心思想的习惯。
2
，
掌握词
性和句型转换方法，学会用不同的语法结构表达同一个主题。
3
，
积累同义替换词和连接词。
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上海高考英语备考训练
Summary Writing
Direction: Read the following passage.
Sammarize the main idea
and the main
point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words.
Use your own words
as far as possible.
Unit 1,
A remarkable variety of insects live in
this planet. More species of insects exist
than all other animal species together.
Insects have survived on earth for more than
300 million years, and may possess the
ability to survive for millions more. Insects
can be found almost everywhere -- on
the highest mountains and on the bottom of
rushing streams, in the cold South Pole
and in bubbling hot springs. They dig through
the ground, jump and sing in the trees,
and run and dance in the air. They come in
many different colors and various
shapes.
There are many
reasons why insects are so successful at
surviving. Their
amazing ability to
adapt permits them to live in extreme ranges of
temperatures and
environments. The one
place they have not yet been found to any major
extent is in
the open oceans. Insects
can survive on a wide range of natural and
artificial
foods
—
paint,
pepper, glue, books, grain, cotton, other insects,
plants and animals
Because they are
small they can hide in tiny spaces.
Also, insects have an enormous
reproductive capacity: An African ant queen
can lay as many as 43,000 eggs a day.
Another reason for their success is the
strategy of protective color. An insect may
be right before our eyes, but nearly
invisible because it is cleverly
disguised(
伪装
)
like a green leaf, lump of brown soil,
gray lichen (
青苔
),a seed or
some other natural
object Some insects
use bright, bold colors to send warning signals
that they taste bad,
sting or are
poison. Others have wing patterns that look like
the eyes of a huge
predator, confusing
their enemies. Some insects also imitate bitter-
tasting insects;
hungry enemies are
fooled into avoiding them.
参考答案：
The reasons
why insects succeed in surviving for a long time
and
existing everywhere are as follows
. First, their outstanding adaptive behaviours for
survival allow them to live in very
difficult / desperate conditions / in terrible
situations. Moreover, insects are able
to reproduce themselves at an exceptionally
/extraordinarily high rate. The third
is that they can change colours to protect
themselves from being eaten.
(57 words)
Unit 2,
Have you ever been
involved in animal rescue? This is what happened
to Winter
the dolphin. Winter was found
off the coast of Florida in December of 2005. She
was
just a few months old, alone, and
caught in a crab trap. The ropes from the trap
were
wrapped tightly around her body.
The fisherman who found her
called for help, and the rescue team soon arrived.
The ropes had cut off the blood
circulation to her tail. She was badly hurt. Her
rescuers didn't think she would
survive. Hoping for a miracle and racing against
time
to save her, the rescuers
transferred her to the Clearwater Marine Aquarium
in Florida.
The doctors
managed to save Winter, but sadly, not her tail.
Her tail flukes were
too damaged and
had to be removed so Winter could live.
The little dolphin Winter survived
against all odds, but she would never be able to
swim normally without a tail.
Thankfully the story doesn't end here. Winter was
able
to swim, but not very well.
Because she didn't have a tail. She moved her body
in a
side-to-side motion like a shark.
But doctors at the aquarium were worried that
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上海高考英语备考训练
unconventional movement would hurt her
spine.
Kevin Carroll heard Winter’s
story and thought he could help. He is
a
specialist
who designs and
provides prostheses for people. If he could help
people, why not help
a dolphin? He
started working with Winter and came up with a
solution for the new
fluke and tail
section
Kevin designed a stretchy
sleeve to fit winter’s body
and protect
her skin. Then a
tail made of silicone
and plastic was made to tightly fit over the
sleeve. Now winter
can swim like other
dolphins. And she is a great inspiration to people
who struggle
with their own injuries.
参考答案：
A dolphin
Winter was found trapped in ropes by a fisherman.
Badly
injured, she had to be
transferred to an aquarium where doctors saved her
but had to
remove her damaged tail.
Luckily, an expert offered his help by making an
artificial
tail for her. Winter is able
to swim normally again, which inspires people in
difficulties. (55words)
Unit 3,
Take
Care of Your Spine (
脊柱
)
The spine stands at the
center of your health,
providing your
body with structure and support. It also contains
your spinal cord, a
massive collection
of nerves that sends electric signals from the
rest of your body to
your brain.
Therefore, it’s important to take care of
it.
Maintaining your good
posture is one of the most important things you
can do to
keep your spine healthy.
Proper posture means standing or sitting while
keeping your
spine straight, except for
its natural curves. Posture comes into play even
when you’re
asleep. Sleeping on your
side puts less stress on your spine than most
other positions.
Having a comfortable
b
ed is also very important as sleeping
in a position that isn’t
comfortable
can leave your back feeling sore the next day.
Exercise is also an
important factor in the health of your spine.
Staying still for
too
long
—
even if your posture is
good
—
can be hard on your
back. Especially if you
work at a desk
most of the day, it’s important to get up and
stretch periodically.
Stretches can
help the muscles around your spine relax and allow
bones to shift into
better positions.
Strength exercises with light weights or
bodyweight exercises like
pushups can
also help by strengthening the muscles around your
spine. However,
don’t overdo the
exercise, as repeated motions can hurt the muscles
around your
spine.
Your diet
also affects the health of your spine because many
vitamins are
necessary for bones and
nerves. In particular, B vitamins help keep nerves
healthy, so
you may want to consider
taking a supplement (
补充物
).
Another important factor is
vitamin D,
which is essential for strong bones, but it’s also
absorbed from sunlight, so
it may help
to do some of those back exercises outside.
Many of the actions necessary to keep
your spine healthy are identical to those
need to preserve your health in other
ways. So protect our back, and the rest of body
will benefit.
参考答案
1
：
How can you keep your spine healthy to
enjoy a better life? First,
avoid poor
posture and long-time motionlessness when
standing, sitting or sleeping.
Second,
do some stretching and strengthening exercises but
avoid overtraining.
Finally, for
healthy bones and nerves , take a supplement of
vitamins if necessary and
expose
yourself to sunlight.
(54words)
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