-
1.
主谓一致
就近原则
1.
由并列结构或连词(
either
…or
,
neither
…nor
p>
,
not…but
,
not only…but
also
,
or
等)连接的并列主语,谓语动词与靠近的那个名词或代词
保持一致。
2.
在倒装句和
there
be
句型中,谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致。
例句:
There is a book and some
pens on the desk.
桌子上有一本书和几
支钢
笔。
3.
在强调句中,
连接代词又在句中作主语,
这时它应与被强调的
主语保持一致。
例句:
It is
Ma
ry’s brother who was injured in the
car accident.
是
Mary
的哥哥在车祸中受伤了。
意义一致原则
1.
当主语与谓语动词之间插入
along with
,
with
,
as
well as
,
together
with
,
no less tha
n
,
besides
,
except
,
but
,
i
ncluding
等短语时,谓语动词不
受这些插入语的干扰,
依然和主语保持一致。
例句:
I, along with my
sister
, am going to Shanghai next
month.
我,还有我姐姐,打算下个月去上海。
2.
英语中有一类单、复数同型的
词(
people
,
means
,
sheep
,
de
er
,
fish
等)
< br>,其单、复数取决于它在句中的含义。
例句:
All of the
people in the country have been prepared for the
great reformation.
这个国家的人都已经为
大变革做好了准备。
3.
多数情况
下,
由
“what”
引导的名词性从句
作主语时,
其后的谓语动词通常用
单数形式。
< br>
例句:
What
I want to
say is just “ Take care!”.
我只想说:
< br>“
多保重!
”
4.
当主语与
all
,
none
,
any
,
some
等不定代词、形容词
连用时,应根据
具体句意,来决定其后的谓语动词的单复数。
例句:
All I know about this
company is what he told me yesterday.
我对
这家公司的了解都是昨天完他告诉我的。
5. “…+
(of) +
名词
”
结构描述数量时,
如果
“of”
后的名词为单数
(不可数名词)
,
则谓语动词用单数,如果名词
为复数,则谓语动词用复数。
例句:
Most of the water here is
clean.
大部分的水是干净的。
80% cotton has been sent to
America.80%
的棉花已经被送往美国。
Half of the apples are
red.
有一半儿的苹果是红的。
6.
词组
“a number
of
,
a great/good
many
,
a group of
+
可数名词复
数
”
的结构作主语时,谓语动词应用复数;如果冠词
a
变为
p>
the
,则谓语动词用
单数。
例句:
A number of
ancient buildings are destroyed in the war
< br>.
许
多的古代建筑在战争中被毁。
The number of the visitors has
decreased this year
.
游客的数量今年减
少了。
7.
英语的集体名词(
committee, crowd,
family, public, group, party,
team,
class, club, company, union ,clergy,
ma
nkind,militia,police,people,poultry
等词)<
/p>
,指代
“
整体
”
时为单数;指代
“
其中的各成员
”
则为复数。
例句:
My family was
very poor when I was a little girl.
当我还是
一
个小女孩儿的时候,我家很穷。
My family are all looking
forward for your coming.
我的家人都在期
待着你的到来。
整体原则
1.
从句、不定式、动名词等作主语时谓语动词一律视作一个整体,谓语动词用
单数。<
/p>
例句:
When to leave has not
been decided.
什么时候离开还没
有定下来。
p>
Go
shopping on Sunday is one of his habits.
周日购物是他的一个习
惯。
Note
:如果主语是两个
(
或两个以上
)
的名词
性从句,谓语动词常用复数。
例句:
What he said and what he
did were always different.
他所说
的和他所做的总是不一样。
2.
如果两个以上的名词组成一个整体概念作主语时,谓语动词须用单数。
例句:
The novelist and poet is going to
Europe next year
.
这位小
< br>说家兼诗人打算明年去欧洲。
The novelist and the poet
are going to Europe next year
.
小说家和
诗人都打算明年去欧洲。
3.
专用名词,如:书名、剧名、报刊名、国家(组织)名等
,通常作单数用。
例句:
The United States was
found it 1776.
美国成立于
1776
年。
4.
表示时间、距离、金额、度量等词语作主语时,通常被视
作整体,谓语
动词用单数。
例句:
10 minutes is
enough.
十分钟足够了。
5.
加减乘除等数学运算谓语动词通
常用单数。
例句:
2 times 3 makes 6.
二乘三等于六。
个体原则
1.
and
连结的两个或多个主语前如果有
each,
every, no
等修饰语时(后面的
一个有时也可省略)<
/p>
,后面的谓语动词用单数形式。
例句:
Every man and
every woman is busy at
working.
每个人都在忙着工作。
2.
英
语句中的
each
,
either
,
neither
等词,既可作代词充当主语,又
可作形容词
修饰主语,这时的谓语动词一律用单数。
例句:
Neither of us
has been abroad.
我们谁都没出过国。
3.
由
some, any every, no
< br>构成的复合词(
somebody
,
nobody
,
everything
,
anything
等)作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
p>
例句:
Somebody is waiting for
you at the school
gate.
有人在学校门口
等你。
4. many a / more than one +
单数名词,一般接单数谓语动词。
例句:
Many a man
does not understand Einstein’s relativity.
< br>许多人
不明白爱因斯坦的相对论。
5. “one and a
half +
复数名词
”
作主语,谓
语动词一般用单数。
例句:
One and a half hours has
passed.
一个半小时过去了。
6.
成
双成对出现的复数名词
(
glasses
,
scissors
,
shoes
,
trousers
,
pants
,
gloves
,
stockings
等)作主语时,通常谓语动词用复数,但如
果前面
有
a /the pair
of
;
a /the suit
of
等词语时,则谓语动词要用单数。
例句:
A
pair of scissors is useful tool for a dressmaker
p>
.
剪刀是裁缝
的重要工具。
7.
以
“
-
s”
< br>结尾的
“
复数
”
名词(例如;一些学科名词
mathematics
,
physics
,
< br>politics
等)
,或以
“
-
s”
结尾的地点名词、人名等词后面
的谓语动词
通常用单数。
例句:
Mathematics
is my favorite
subject.
数学是我最喜欢的科目
ics, several courses of which I have
taken thus far
, ______
to be
difficult but useful for almost all students.
A. prove
B.
proves
C.
have been proved
D.
are
proved
2. A thousand miles no
longer _______ much to us today, for modern
jets can easily get us to a great
distance within a matter of a few
hours.
A. meant
B.
means
C.
mean
D.
will mean
3. The secretary and treasurer of our
company
______
the
meeting. A. were to
attend
B.
are to
attend
C.
is attend
D.
is to attend
4. Cattle ______
to graze on the village
common.
A. are allowed
B.
is allowed
C.
allows
D.
allow
5. Mathematics as well as
other subjects ____ a science.
A. was
B.
is
C.
are
D.
belong to
6. Either of these young ladies ____
perfectly qualified to teach Greek,
Latin and French.
A. were
B.
are
C.
is
D.
have been
7. Large quantities of
water
______
cooling purposes.
A. are needed for
B.
is needed to
C. are needed to
D. is needed
for
8. Copper as
well as most metals____.
A.
is a good conductor
B.
is a good
insulator
C.
are
good conductors
D.
are good insulators
9. There used to be some trees by the
lake, ____
?
A.
was there
B.
were there
C.
weren't there
D.
wasn't
there
10. Cattle____ to graze on the village
common.
A. are allowed
B.
is allowed
C.
allows
D.
allow
1.[
答案
]B.
< br>[
解析
]
该句考察学生主、谓语
一致。其中
several courses of which I have
taken thus far
为设置的干扰项。由于主语为表
示学科的单数名词,故谓语应
是单数形式。
2.[
答案
]B.
< br>[
解析
]
表示重量、
度量、
衡量、
价值的复数名词作主语,
谓语动词常用单数形式。
3.[
答案
]D.
< br>[
解析
]C
项结构错误,可先排
除;由
and
所连接的两个名词,如果
and
后面的
名词前没有冠词,谓语要用单数。故
D
项为正确答案。
4.[
答案
]A.
[
解析
]cattle
是集体名词,在形式上是单数,但在句中往往作复数用,谓语动
词用复数。这
类名词常见的有:
clergy mankind, militia,
police, people,
poultry
等。
5.[
答案
]B.
< br>[
解析
]
此题主语是
Mathematics
,学科做主语时,是表示单数的意义的词,故
p>
只能在
A
、
B
p>
两项中选择,而
A
时态不对,
D.
belong
to
属于。
6.[
答案
]C.
[
解析
]
当
either
, each,
neither
, everyone
等不定代词作主语时,其
后谓语
需用第三人称单数。例如:
a. Neither of
these books is very
new.
这两本
书都不新。
B.
Each of the students brings
a dictionary.
学生各自带
字典来。
C.
Every man and
woman is eligible to vote.
每个男人或女
人都有资格投票。
7.[
答案
]B.
< br>[
解析
]
表示数量的名词应做单
数看待。
8.[
答案
]A.
[
解析
]as well as
p>
在此并不是表示与主语并列关系,该句主语仅仅是
copper
p>
.
因此,选项
A
是
正确的(
conductor
导体,
insulator
绝缘体
)
。
9.[
答案
]C.
[
解析
]There used to
句型上相当于
there be
句型,
所以此处用
be
提问。动
词的数应与后
面的名词一致。
10.[
答案
]A.
[
解析
]cattle
是集体名词,在形式上是单数,但在句中往往作复数用,谓语动
词用复数。这
类名词常见的有:
clergy
mankind,milit
ia,police,people,poultry
等。
虚拟语气
1
.
1
p>
)与过去事实相反主
had+
过去分词
should
(第一人称)
would(
其它人称)
+have+
过去
2
)与现在事实相反
一般过去式(动词
be
用
were)
p>
would/should/could/might+
动词原
p>
型
3
)与将来事实相反
过去式
或
should/wereto+
动原
would/should/co
uld/might+
动词
原型
2
.
It is (high/abo
ut/the)time.........
谓语动词用过去式
指现在或将来的情
况
表示早该做某事而现在已经有点晚了
3
.
It is the first
(second/third)time
后的
that
从句中,谓语动词要用完成
体来表示一种经验
4
.
as
if/though
的虚拟要点
p>
1
)
.对当时事实的假设,从句谓语用过去
式,
be
动词一律用
were
p>
2
)
.对过去事实的假设,从句谓语用过去
完成式
3
)
.对未
来事实的假设,从句谓语用
would+
动词原型
情态动词
用于否定句
cannot(help)but
< br>表示不能不,只能(
but
后跟不带
to
的
动词不定式)
2
.
must
表示禁止,一定不要时的否定式为
mustn’t
当它表示有把握的推断
时
意为一定
准是时
它的否定形式为
can’t
3
.
need doing=need
to be done
这个句型表示被动意味
4
.
need not have
done sth
表示本来没有必要做某事
倍数增减的表示法
1
倍数
+
形容词
/
副
词比较级
+than: three times brighter than
the earth.
2
倍数<
/p>
+as+
形容词
/
副词
+as : three times as fast as the
athlete.
3
倍数
+
名词
例:
five times the size/the
length of /weight/the
.
4
动词
+
百分比或倍数
:the
output was
400%up.
5
动词
+to+
数词
:increase to five times.
6
double/triple/quadruple: the figure
doubled.
7
动词
+by+
数词
/<
/p>
百分比
/
倍数
存在句的非限定形式
1.
there to be
和
there
being
结构用法与区别
there to be
:作
for
介词补语
作动词(
except, want, like,
prefer
, hate…
)的宾语
eg.
They planned
for there to be another meeting
Members
like there to be plenty of choice.
there being : <
/p>
作除
for
外的介词的补语
作主语和状语
eg.
John was relying on there
being another opportunity.
There being
a bus stop so near the house is a good advantage.
2.
存在句的非限定形式与限定形式的转化
eg. For there to be so
few people in the street was unusual. = It was
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