-
英语专四语法句子成分
(
必须的成分：主语和谓语。可能有的成分：宾语、补语、修饰语「定语、状语、同位语」
)
主语
(1)
主语
(Subject)
一般在句子开头，是句子的<
/p>
“
陈述对象
”
，通常由名词、代词、不定式、动
名词、相当于名词的词组或从
句、引用充当。如：
The students all
love their English teacher.
这些学生都喜爱他们的英语老师。
They go to school by bus.
他们乘公共汽车上学。
Watching TV too much is bad for your
eyes.
看太多电视对你的眼睛是有害的。
What we need is a good rest.
我们需要的是好好休息一下。
“I
love you”is often heard on Valentine's
Day.
情人节时，经常听到有人说
“
我爱你
”
。
(2)
形式主语与真实主语
(Form
al Subject and Real Subject)
主语是不定式短语、动
名词短语或分句时，常会放在句尾，用
it
代替它原来的位置，
这个
it
称为形式主语，放在句尾的原主语为真实主语。如：<
/p>
It is very hard to get to sl
eep.
入睡很难。
(
不定式短语为真
实主语，
it
为形式主语。
)
It's a pity that you can't come.
你不能来真是件遗憾的事。
(
句子为真实主语，
it
为形式主语。
)
谓语
全部倒装和部分倒装
:
如果谓语在主语前面
,
就是倒装语序
.
倒装语序又分为全部倒装和部分倒装
.
在全部倒装的
句子中
,
整个谓语都放在主语的前面
:
Here are some registered letters for
you.
In came a man with a white beard.
在部分倒装的句子中只是谓语中的一部分
(
如助动词
,
情态动词
,
或系动词
be
等
)<
/p>
放在主语前
面
,
其余部分仍在主语后面
:
Under
no circumstances must a soldier leave his post.
I couldn’t answer the question. Nor
could anyone else in our class.
Only in this way is it possible to
accomplish the above-mentioned glorious task.
以
neither, nor,
so
等开始的句子
:
由
so
引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人
(
或东西
)
的
句子<
/p>
(
肯定句
),
由
neither, nor
引起的表
示前面所说情况也适用于另一人
(
或东西
)
的句子
(
否定
句
),
助动词或
be
置于主语前
.
“We must start
for the work
-
site now”. “ So
must we.”
I am quite willing
to help and so are the others.
He
didn’t
drop any hint. Nor (Neither) did
his secretary.
“I won’t do such a
thing.” “Nor (Neither) will I.”
如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思
,
< br>尽管是用
so
开头
,
语序也不要颠倒
.
“It was
cold yesterday.” “So it was.”
“Tomorrow will be Monday.” “So it
will.”
当句首状语为
never, little, not only, not until,
hardly,
scarcely
等否定词或有否定意义的词语时
,
一般引起部分倒装
.
No
longer are they staying with us.
No
sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.
Under no circumstances could I agree to
such a principle.
表示位置或方向的副词提前
,
谓语动词为
go,
come
等表示位置转移的动作动词而主语又较
长时<
/p>
,
通常用全部倒装
:
There was a sudden gust of wind and
away went his hat.
The door burst open
and I rushed the crowd.
There comes the
bus!
Now comes your turn.
1.
如果主语是代词
,
仍用正常语序
:
There
comes your turn.
有
here
引起
,
谓语为
be
的句子
,
也要倒装
:
Here is
China’s largest tropical forest.
Here are some picture-books.
2.
如果主语是代词
,
仍用正常语序
:
Here we
are. This is the new railway station.
“Give me some paper.” “Here you
are.”
3.
表语和系动词提前
:
介词短语
: On the other side was
northern Xinjiang.
Near the southern
end of the village was a large pear orchard.
形容词
: Very
importan
t in the farmer’s life is the
radio weather report.
Worst
of all were the humiliations he suffered.
副词
: Below is a restaurant.
Southwest of the reservoir were 2,000
acres of sandy wasteland.
分词
: Housed in the Cultural
Palace are a library, an auditorium and recreation
rooms.
Hidden underground is a wealth
of gold, silver, copper, lead and zink.
Lying on the floor was a boy aged about
17.
Standing beside the table was an
interpreter.
6)
句首状语若由
only +
副词
, only +
介词词组
, only +
状语从句构成
,
引起局部倒装
:
Only
yesterday did he find out that his watch was
missing.
Only through sheer luck did he
manage to get some tickets.
Only
because there were some cancelled bookings did he
get some tickets in the end.
有
not
only
开头的句子或分句
,
往往引起局部倒装
:
Not
only did he complain about the food, he also
refused to pay for it.
Not only did the
garage overcharge me, but they hadn’t done a very
good repair job either.
宾语
(1)
宾语
(Object)
是行为动词的对象，一般可分为动词宾语
和介词宾语，充当宾语的可以是名
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