-
语
法
Lecture 1
1. Part of speech
Notional words: noun, adverb,
adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb
实词
名,形,动,副,数,代
Form
words: article, preposition, conjunction,
interjection
2.
Sentence compositions
2.1
subject
Subject
is the topic or theme of the sentence, which tells
of what the
sentence is about.
Noun. Pron.
Num. Infinitive. Gerund. Subject
clause(18
个
)
2.2
predicate
Simple predicate: verb/
verbal phrase
Complex predicate: link
verb+predicate/ modal
verb+v
原形
Ex:
V
.
Verbal
phrase
,
link
verb+predicate,
modal
verb+predicate,
verb+infinitive
2.3
predicative
Predicative express the
status, characteristics or the quality of the
subject.
对主语进行补充说明
主语补足语(薄冰)
表语(张道真)
当名词作表语时,补
充说明主语的身份,性质内容,当形容词作表语
时,补充说明主语的特点,特征。
Ex: She is a beauty.
(
客观事实)
She is
beautiful.
(个人看法)
Big
视野上的,外形
Large
容积和体积
能作表语的有:
noun, pron. Adj.
Prep. Ad. Infinitive gerund, participant.
(
i
’
m
eating apples.
不是系表结构)
Predicative
clause(19
个
)
补
1
:区分动名词和分词
理论上动名词相当于名词,表示说明主语
的性质内容,分词表示说明主语的特点。
p>
The
film is exciting. (participant)
My job is teaching.
(gerund)
在做题技巧上,
动名词可与主语互换位置而不影响语意
补
2
:表语从句
19
个比主语从句多
1
个
因为表语从句比主语从句多
一个引导词:
as
if/ though
2.4 object
Direct
object:
动词后只有一个宾语时(人或物或事)
Indirect object:
出现的前提是双宾语,其中人是间接宾语
Cognate object:
同源宾语
作谓语的动词与作宾语的动词是同一个词或派生词
I dream a beautiful dream.
We
’
re living a
happy life.
Complex/ compound object
宾语补足语
能做宾语的有:
noun, pron, num.
Infinitive, gerund, object clause(19)
If
表示是否时只能引导宾语从句
He asked if he might go there.
表示过去的许可只能用
might
2.5 appositive
同位语
Appositive is
the further information after a noun or a pronoun
referring
to
“
who
”
or
“
what
”
< br>.
能作同位语的有:
noun, pron,
num, infinitive, gerund,
这些词或词组作
同位语时,
comma
可有可无。
Appositive
c
lause
(
18
个)作同位语
时,
wh-
(17)
从句一定要有
comma
。
Tha
t
与前面的名词间不要用
comma.
同位语从句中的
that
时连词不作任何成分。
补充:
there be
句型属于倒装句
be
后面的内容才是主语
专四考察:
there being / there to
do
Be
是系动词、助动词(时态、被动语态,帮助实意动词)
2.6 attributive
Pre-attribut
ive(6
个
)
前置定语:
noun, pron, num, article(
虚词中只有冠词<
/p>
能作句子成分
)
,
adj., gerund(ex: This is a sleeping
car.)
Post-attributive: adv., prep.,
infinitive,(I have an apple to eat.
不用
to be
eaten,
p>
当句子的主语是不定式动作的发出者是,不定式用主动形式
)
,
attributive clause
(12)
,
participle(
与
gerund
区别开,既可以放在中心词
前,
也可以放在中心词后,
取决于分词的长度
ex: This is a sleeping boy.
Sleeping
是分词表示状态;
This is a sleeping
car. Sleeping
是动名词
)
< br>分词作定语时表示中心词的动作或状态,
动名词作定语时表示中心词
的性质或用途。
定语从句的引导词有十二个,
p>
八个关系代词
(as, than, but
等
)
,
和四个
关系副词(
when, why, where,
only
)其中实词都要作成分。
2.7
adverbial
(根据
logical meaning
划分为
10
groups
)
2.7.1
adverbial of time
2.7.2 adverbial of
place
2.7.3 adverbial of
manner
方式状语从句
2.7.4 adverbial of cause
原因状语从句
Unable to
answer the question, he kept silent.
Since
是指多因一果,
because
是指一因一果
2.7.5 adverbial of purpose
In order to = so as to
So....as to
如此
...
.
以至于
2.7.6
adverbial of result
2.7.7 adverbial of
condition
包括真实条件句和非真实条件句
2.7.8 adverbial of concession
让步状语从句(即使,虽然,语意上是铺垫)
2.7.9 adverbial of comparison
比较状语从句
2.2.10
adverbial of
degree
(程度状语无从句,只能用现在分词或程度