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第四章 英汉翻译时词汇的处理

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2021-02-26 13:08
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2021年2月26日发(作者:gays)


第四章




英汉翻译时词汇的处理




英汉词汇的对应



英语词汇意义在汉语里的对应程度,大致可分为以下几种情况:



(一)


英语中有些词所表示的意义,


在 汉语中可以找到完全对应的词来表达。


这主要是一些


已有通用译 名的专用名词、术语和日常生活中的一些事物的名称。如:









Marxism=


马克思主义






















Aspirin=


阿司匹林









The U.S. State Department




美国国务院






tuberculosis=


结核病



(二)


英语中有些词与汉语中有些词在词义上只有部分对应。< /p>


它们在意义上概括的范围有广


狭之分。如:



marriage:


娶,嫁

















gun:



枪,炮



brother:


兄,弟

















morning:


早晨,上午



(三)

< br>英语中有些词所表示的意义,


目前在汉语里还找不到最后确定的对应词来表达。< /p>


这主


要是英语中一些新词,


包括专用名词 、


术语以及一些反应英美社会特殊风气及事物的


词。

< p>


Teenager:




(13



1 9


岁的青少年


)


Clockwatcher: (


老是看钟等下班的人


)


mascon (mass concentration)


(表示月球表层下高密度的)物质聚集



beddo







(一种多用途的)床



overkill






(核弹超过军事目的的)过度杀伤 力(系资产阶级渲染核武器威力了用


语,现又用来表示宣传活动等方面不必要的过度行为 )




plumber






(形成于“五角大楼文件”泄密事件后白宫专门设立的特工机构。



plumber



原意“铅管工”


,用以指特工,系借用“铅管工”堵漏、防


漏之义

< br>


(四)


英语中有许多词一词多义,

其所表示的各个意义,


分别与汉语中几个不同的词或词组


对 应。


多意词的具体意义,


有时不是从本身看得很清楚,


而要通过这个词在不同语境


下的多次再现才能确定。如:



President:


总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、社长、校长……



Carry:


搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、背、扛、搂、抱 、端、举、夹、捧……



Cousin:


堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表姐、表弟、表妹




词义的选择与确定




一般说来,词义的选择应遵循以下几个原则:



1


)根据词类


/

< p>
词性确定词义;



2


)根


据词的搭配习惯确定词义;



3


)根据词的使用场合确定词义。



一、根据词 类


/


词性确定词义


< br>有些英语单词具有几种不同的词性,而各种词性的含义之间也没有多少联系。翻译时


应首先确定该词在句中属于哪种词类,语法功能是什么,


然后根据词性来确定其意义。


如:



1



Examples help show exactly what a word


means


.





例证有利于确切地表明一个单词的含义。



2)



It is


mean


to spread gossip about others.





散布有关他人的流言蜚语是卑鄙的。



3)



Eight hours is a happy


mean


between too much sleep and too little.





八小时睡眠正合适,不算太多,也不算太少。



4)



The door must have blown shut.





门肯定是被风吹得关上了。



5)



The car had been blown to pieces.





那汽车被炸得粉碎。



6)



They dealt the enemy a deadly


blow


.






他们给了敌人以致命的打击。



二、根据词的搭配习惯确定词义



英汉 两种语言的搭配习惯不同,而词语的搭配意义往往是灵活多变的。汉译时要对不


同的搭配 做具体的分析,按汉语的搭配习惯处理,切不可以不变应万变。以动词


play


为例:



play


a joke


开玩笑;







play


basketball


打篮球;





play


chess


下棋;




play


football


踢足球;





play


the part of Hamlet


扮演哈姆雷特;









play


the piano


弹钢琴;





play


the violin


拉小提琴;




play


traunt


逃学




再以 形容词


delicate


为例:



delicate


skin

























娇嫩的皮肤



delicate


porcelain





















精致的瓷器



delicate


upbringing




















娇生惯养



delicate


living
























奢侈的生活



delicate


health
























虚弱的身体



delicate


stomach






















容易吃坏的胃



delicate


vase

























容易碰碎的花瓶



delicate


diplomatic question













微妙的外交问题



delicate


difference





















讲不清楚的差别



delicate


surgical operation















难做的外科手术



delicate


ear for music



















对音乐有鉴赏力



delicate


sense of smell


















灵敏的嗅觉



delicate


touch

























生花妙笔



delicate


food


























美味的食物



三、


根据词的使用场合确定词义







同一个单词用于不同的学科、


专业或场合时其意义往往不同,


翻译时一定要根据原


文的主题内容、


原句的使 用场合来对词义进行分析选择,


才能保证译句的正确。



develop


一词为例:



The color TV sets


developed


by our company are of high quality.


我们公司


研制

< p>
的彩色电视机质量上乘。



The aim of this course is to


develop


the students



reading skills.




这门功课的目的 是


培养


学生的阅读技能。



While in high school, I


developed


an interest in biology.




我上中学时就 对生物学


产生


了兴趣。



再以


base


一词为例:



The


base



of


the


company


is


in


New


York,


but


its


branches


are


all


over


the







world.


该公司


总部

< p>
设在纽约,但它的分公司却遍布全世界。



Our warship returned to the


base


before dusk.


黄昏前我们的战舰返回了


基地




The new invention was regarded as a


base


of further development.


这项新发明被看做是进一步发展的


基础




Line AB is the


base


of the triangle ABC.


线段


AB


是三角形


ABC



底边




5



He is on the second


base


.





他在二


垒。



6



As we all know, a


base


reacts with an acid to form a salt.





众所周知,



与酸反应生成盐。



7) The lathe should be set on a firm


base


.





车床应安装在坚实的


底座


上。



Practice:


将下列汉语译文加以改进,使之更符合汉语的表达习惯。



(1)



We expressed our gratitude for the outstanding and challenging speech of Mr. Smith.


我们对史密斯先生杰出而又有挑战性的演说表示感谢。



(2) He put forward some new ideas to challenge the interest of all concerned.





他提出了一些新见解,挑战有关人士的兴趣。



(3)



None of them challenge the validity of those resolutions.


没有一个人挑战那些决议的有效性。



(4)



Any man who was a man could travel alone.


无论是谁,只要是人,就可以单独旅行。



(5)



This was the last place the explorers would leave, for it lay riches and natural resources.


这是探险家们最后离 开的地方,因为那里蕴藏着财富和自然资源。



(6)



There is a definite link between smoking and heart disease and lung cancer. But this doesn



t


make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company.


抽烟和心脏病以及肺癌的确有关系。但这并不能使人们感到太大的不舒服,因为你是在< /p>


一个好的公司里。



(7)



From life to death is man



s reach.


从生到死是人所能达到的。



(8)



The essence of the mistake was the failure to carry out the principle.


错误的实质在于执行该原则的失败。



(9)



It is very necessary for you to have a sound sleep.


你非常需要熟睡。



(10) He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.





他又一次传授了他渊博的学识、丰富的经验和无穷的智慧。



assignment



Put the following sentences into Chinese.


A.


1.



He was badly wounded in the


head.



2.



You should use your


head


a bit.


3.



He has a god


head


for mathematics.


4.



The dinner cost us five dollars a


head.



5.



Prick with the


head


of a needle.


6.



He was standing at the


head


of the staircase.


7.



Let’s discuss the question under five


heads.


8.



The


head


of his bed was piled with books.


9.



Present at the meeting were the


heads


of government of the four countries.


10.



Go and ask the


head


of our department.


11.



Heads


or tails?


12.



Where is the


head?



B


.


1.



This war is becoming the most important


story


of this generation.


2.



It is quite another


story


now.


3.



Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the


story


.


4.



He’ll be very happy if that


story


holds up.


5.



The Rita Hayworth


story


is one of the saddest.


6.



What a


story


! I don’t believe a word of it.



7.



Last


December


the


Post


first


reported


that


probes


were


being


made


in


each


of


those cities, but officials refused to confirm the


story.



8.



The


story


about him became smaller and by and by faded out from American TV.














英译汉的词语翻译技巧



一、增词




amplification




英译 汉的增词主要是出于汉语表达的考虑,用增词法译出原文所省略的词语,增添必要


的连接 词、量词或复数概念,或从修辞连贯方面考虑,使译文符合汉语习惯表达法。



【译例】



1.



We can imagine what a world without water would be like.

< br>我们可以想象没有水的世界是个什么


样子



(增译名词)



2.



The latest type of TVR system is light, inexpensive and easy to manipulate.


这种最 新型电视录像装置


重量


轻、


价格


便宜、操作简便。


(增译名词)



3.



Atomic cells are very small and very light as compared to ordinary dry cells.


与普通干电池相比,原子电池的

< p>
体积


非常小,


重量


非常轻 。


(增译名词)



4.



All matter is known to possess weight.


大家


知 道,所有物质都具有重量。


(增译出行为的发出者)



5.



In the past, it was generally believed that the earth was flat.


过去


人们


大都认为地球是平的。


(增译出行为的发出者)



6.



Mary hates to be treated as a child. She thinks herself a grown- up.


玛丽讨厌


别人


拿她当小孩子看 待。


她觉得自己长大了。


(增译非谓语动词的行为发出


者)



7.



The computers you ordered will be delivered in a day or two.


您所订的

< br>那些


计算机将于一两日内交货。


(增译表示复数的词语)



8.



This


report


summed


up


the


new


achievements


made


in


our


economy,


culture


and


education.


这份 报告总结了我们在经济、


教育和文化


三方面

所取得的成就。


(增译表示复数的词


语)

< br>


9.



Speed and reliability are the chief advantages of the electronic computers.


速度



、可靠性



是电子计算机的主要特点。


(增译形容词)



10.



The United States of America has been a melting pot ever since its beginning.


美国自建国以来一直就是个民族的大熔炉 。


(增译形容词)



11.



After the football match, the players all shook hands with each other.


足球比赛


结束


后,队员们互相握手。


(增译动词)



12.



He could see that she had been patient all her life, so that now, after years of it, her lips


were in a gentle and saintly smile.


他看得出,她一生 都很有耐心。因此现在,在经过多年的忍耐之后,她的嘴边总是


挂着

一丝温柔、圣洁的微笑。


(增译动词)



13.



Take an umbrella with you in case it rains.


带上< /p>



雨伞,免得下雨挨淋。


(增译量词)< /p>



14.



We saw two cars running towards us.


我们看见有两



汽车朝我们驶来。


(增译量词)



15.



The fox stopped, looked around and then sneaked into the yard.


那狐狸停住脚,向四周望了


一下


,然后便悄悄地溜进了院子。


(增译量词)



16.



Remember that science requires the efforts of a lifetime.



记住,科学需要人们付出毕生精力。


(增译语气助 词)



17.



Be


careful


in


making


a


chemical


porary


natural


sciences


are


now


working for new important breakthrough.


做化学试验时


一定要


多加小心。


(增译语气助词)



18.



We can learn what we did not know.


我们能学会我们


原来


不懂的东西。


(增加表示时态的词)


19.



Censorship has been in force since early in World War II.


审查制度从第二次世界大战初期


一直


实行


到现在



(增加表示时态的词)

< p>


20.



English prose is elaborate rather than simple. It was not always so.


现今


英国散文华巧而非简朴,


过去


却并非如此。

< p>
(增加表示时态的词)



21.



Had there been no computers, there would have been no artificial satellites or rockets.


假如


没有计算机的话,


便


不可能有人造地球卫星和 火箭。


(增加状语类的词语)



22.



Should it rain tomorrow, the meeting would be cancelled.


万一


明天下雨,会议



延期。


(增加状语类的词语)



23.



Be the shape of a body complicated, it is possible to find out its volume.


无论


物体的形状多么复杂,也能够求 出它的体积。


(增加状语类的词语)



24.



Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.

< p>
物质可以转化为能量,能量也


可以转化


为物质。< /p>


(增加原文中省略的词语)



25.



Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.


读书使人充实,讨论


使人


机智,写作


使人


严谨。


(增 加原文中省略的词语)



26.



If we permit our economy to drift and deline, the vulnerable will suffer most.

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