-
英语四六级语法汇总
特殊的虚拟语气词
:should
1
)
It is demanded
/ necessary / a pity +
that
?结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用
should
加动词原形,
should
可省略。
句型:
(1)suggested
It is
(2)important
that
?
+ (should)
do
(3) a pity
(1)suggested,
ordered, proposed, required,
demanded,
requested, insisted
;
+ (should) do
(2)important, necessary, natural,
strange
a pity,
a shame,
no wonder
(3)It is
suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next
week.
It is
necessary that he (should) come to our meeting
tomorrow.
2
)在宾语从句中的应用
在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。
order, suggest,
propose, require, demand, request, insist,
command, insist +
(should) do
I suggest that
we (should) hold a meeting next week.
He insisted that he (should
) be sent there.
注意:
如
suggest,
insist<
/p>
不表示
建议
p>
或
坚持要某人做某事时
,即它们用于其本
意
暗示、表明
、
坚持认为
时,宾语从句用陈述语气。
The guard
at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.
判断改错
:
(错)
You pale face suggests that you
(should) be ill.
(
对
)
Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
(
错
)
I
insisted that you ( should) be wrong.
(
对
)
I insisted that you were wrong.
3
)在表语从句,同位语从句中的应用
在
suggestion, proposal, idea,
plan, order, advice
等名词后面的表语从句、同位
语从句中要用虚拟语气,即(
should
)
+
动词原形。
My idea is that we (should)
get more people to attend the conference.
I make a
proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next
week.
一般现在时代替完成时
1)
有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时:
hear, tell, learn, write , understand,
forget, know, find , say,
remember.
I hear (= have heard) he
will go to London.
I forget
(=have forgotten) how old he is.
2)
句型
?
since
?
代替
?
since
?
3) It is (= has been) five years since
we last met.
不定式的特殊句型
soasto
1
)
表示目的;它的否定式是
so as not to
do
。
Tom kept quiet about the
accident so as not to lose his job.
汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go
in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。
2)
so kind as to
---
劳驾
Would you be so
kind as to tell me the time?
劳驾,现在几点了。
none,few,some,any,one,ones
一、
none
无
1) none
作主语,多与
of
构成短语
none
of
。
在答语中,
< br>none
可单独使用。
Are there any pictures on
the wall?
None.
2) none
作主语,谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语,则
其单复数与表语一致。
It is none of your business.
二、
few
一些,少数
few
作主语时,谓语动词用复数,多用于肯定句。
三、
some
一些
1)
可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。
2)
当做
某一
解时,也可与单数名词连用。(<
/p>
= a certain
)
You will be
sorry for this some day.
总有一天,你会后悔这件事的。
A certain (some) person has
seen you break the rule.
某些人不同意你的看法。
注意:
(1)
在肯定疑问句中用
some
代替
any
。<
/p>
(2)some
用于其他句式中
:
a.
肯
定疑问句中:说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答时。
Would you
like
句式中,表委婉请求或建议,如:
Would you like
some coffee?
b.
在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时,如:
If you need
some help
,
let me know.
c.
some
位于主语部分
,
Some students
haven
‘
t been there before.
d.
当否定的是整体中的部分时,
some
可用于否定句。如:
I haven
‘
t heard
from some of my old friends these years.
这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。
四、
any
一些
1)
any
多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。
当句中含有任何的意思时,
any
可用于肯定句。
Here are three
novels. You may read any.
这有三本小说,你可任读一本。
五、
one, ones
为复数形式
ones
必须和形容词连用。如果替
代的名词时无形容词在前,则用
some,
any
,而不
用
ones
。
Have you bought
any rulers?
Yes
,
I
‘
ve bought some.
only
在句首要倒装的情况
Only in this way, can you learn English
well.
Only
after being asked three times did he come to the
meeting.
如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装
Only when he is
seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
every,no,all,both,neither,nor
1
)不定代词有
all
,
both,
every,
each,
either,
neither,
more,
little,
few,
much,
many,
another,
other, some, any ,
one, no
以及
some, something,
anything, everything, somebody,
someone, anybody, anyone, nothing ,
nobody, no one, none, everybody,
everyone.
等。
2
)
不定代词的功能与用法
a.
除
every
和
no
外不定代词既可用作名词,
也可用作形容词。
every
和
no
在句
中只
能作定语。
I have no idea about it.
b.
all
都,指三者以上。
all
的主谓一致:
all
的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数
决定。
All goes well.
一切进展得很好。
all
通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:不说
all the
book
,而说
the whole
book
。
但
all
可
与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如
all
day
,
all
night
,
all the
year
;
但
习惯上不说
all
hour
,
all
century
。
all
还可以与一些特殊的单数名词
连用,
如
all
China
,
all
the
city
,
all
my
life
,
all the way
3
)
both
都,指两者。
a.
both
与复数动词连用,但
both
?
and
?可与单数名词连用。
b.
both,
all
都可作同位语,其位置在行为动词前,
be
动词之后。如果助动词或情
态动词后面的实义动词省
去,则位于助动词或情态动词之前。
Who can speak Japanese?
We both (all) can.
4
)
neither
两者都不
a.
n
either
作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
b.
作
定语与单数名词连用,但
neither
?
nor
用作并列连词,可与复数名词连用。其
谓语采用
就近原则。
c.
可用于下列句型,避免重复。
She
can
‘
t
sing
,
neither (can) he.
neither
与
nor
d.
如前句是否定式从句,则主句用
neither
,而不用
nor
。
If you don
‘
t do
it
,
neither should I.
如果你不干,我也不干。
e.
如后连续有几个否定句式,则
用
nor
,不用
neither
。
He can
‘
t
sing
,
nor
dance
,
nor skate.
比较
may
和
might
1
)
表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;
may
放在句首,表示祝愿。
May God bless you!
He might be at
home.
注意:
might
表示推测时,不表示时态。只是可能性比
may
小。
2
)
成语:
may/might as
well
,后面接不带
to
的不定式
,意为
不妨
。
If
that is the case, we may as well try.
典型例题
Peter ___come with us
tonight, but he isn
‘
t very
sure yet.
A.
must
B. may
C.
can
D. will
答案
B.
表可能性只能用
may.
此句意可从后半句推出。
让步状语从句讲解
though,
although
注意:
当有
though,
althoug
h
时,后面的从句不能有
but
,但是
though
和
yet
可连
用
Although
it
‘
s raining, they are still
working in the field.
虽然在下雨,但他们仍在地里干活。
He is very old, but he
still works very hard.
虽然他很老,但仍然努力地工作。
Though the sore be healed,
yet a scar may remain.
伤口虽愈合,但伤疤留下了。
(谚语)
典型例题
1
)
___she is
young, she knows quite a lot.
A. When
B.
However
C. Although
D.
Unless
答案:
C
。意为虽然她很年轻,却知道许多。
2)
as, though
引导的倒装句
as / though
引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提
前)。
Child as /though he was, he knew what
was the right thing to do.
= Though he was a small child, he knew
what was the right thing to do.
注意:
a.
句首名词不能带任何冠词。
b.
句首是实义动词,
其他助动词放在主语后。
如果实义动词有宾语和状语,
随实义动
词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he
never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
= Though he
tries hard, he never seems
?
虽然他尽了努力,但他的工作总做的不尽人意。
3)
ever if, even though.
即使
We
‘
ll make a trip
even though the weather is bad.
4)
whether
?
or-
不管??都
Whether you believe it or
not, it is true.
5)
疑问词
或
疑问词
+<
/p>
后缀
ever
No matter what happened, he would not
mind.
Whatever
happened, he would not mind.
替换:
no matter
what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where
= wherever
no
matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
注意:
no matter
不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
(错)
No matter
what you say is of no use now.
(对)
Whatever you
say is of no use now.
你现在说什么也没用了。
(Whatever you
say
是主语从句
)
(错)
Prisoners
have to eat no matter what
they
‘
re given,
(对)
Prisoners
have
to
eat
whatever
they
‘
re
given.
囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。
从
SodoI
谈起
两人对话,乙方对甲方的问话常可用简短回答作出
反应。例如:
Do
you
like
it?
--
Yes
,
I
do.
这同样适用于陈述句的场合:
You worry
too much
.
--
No
,
I don
‘
< br>t.
在后一种情况
下,乙方也能
+
do
+主语
之类
的结构表示看法。
例如甲方说
我喜欢苹果
,乙方
< br>如果想表示
我也喜欢苹果
,英语可以说:
A
:
I like apples.
B
:
So do
I
.(=
I like apples
,
too
。)
这里的
s
o
在意义上相当于
in the same
way
,即同样、
也那样,作简短反
应表示同样
看法时常用之。
就诸如此类的四种结构略作介绍。
1
.
p>
+
do
+主语
p>
结构
在简短反应
中表示
我也如此
或
另外一个人也
< br>如此
时,也
就是主语不同于上文
的主语以及上
文并无可用于构成倒装的动词
< br>(即操作词时)
,
可用此
结构。例如:
A
:
I
like
playing
football.
B
:
So
do
I./So
does
my
brother./So
did
my
father.
如果上文有可用于构成倒装的动词时,则用相同
的动词或根据不同人称用同类的
动词。
I must go -- So must I. John can speak
French
.
--So can I.
I
‘
ve got a new
car
.
--So has
John. She is clever.-- So is he.
2
.
+
do
+
主语
结构
<
/p>
如果上文表示否定意义而在简短反应中表示同
样
< br>
看法时,可用此结构。例如,甲方说
I
can
‘
t
swim
,
乙方如果想表示
我也不会游泳
,
英语可以说
Neither can I.
/ Nor can I
(=
I
can
‘
t
either
)。
又例如:
A
:
He
doesn
‘
t
speak
French.
B
:
Neither/Nor
do
I.
Neither/Nor
does
my
brother.
Neither/Nor does my father.
关于以上两种结构,有两点说明:
第一,能用动词缩略形式。例如:
I
‘
m going to London.
---So
‘
s
John
。
(is)
I
‘
ve
been
to
New
York.
---So
‘
s
John.(has)
I
‘
d
have
gone
to
Tokyo
if
I
could
.
---So
‘
d
John.(would)
John
hasn
‘
t
got
a
visa.
---Nor
‘
ve
do
I
.
(have)
Jim
and
Mary
aren
‘
t acting in
the college play.
---Neither
‘
s Peter.(is)
第二,
上
述甲乙对话如用
and
连成一句可出自一人
之口。
例如:
John
can
speak
French
and
so
can
‘
t
I.
John
can
‘
t
speak
French
and
neither/
nor
can
I.
John
speaks
French
and so do I. John
doesn
‘
t speak French and
neither/nor do I.
上述斜体部分相当于
and I can, too /
and I can
‘
t either / and I
do too / and I don
‘
t either
的意思。
3
.
+主语+
do
结构
在简短反应中,对别人所说的情况加以肯定以及
主语与上文
主语相同时,
可用此结构,
注意,
这
里不用倒装同序;
so
的意义相当于
indeed,
cer
tainly
,
即
不错
、
对
了
。
例如:
A
:
John
smokes
a
lot.
B:
So
he
does
.
(=He
smokes
a
lot
indeed.)
这类简短反应往往带有说话人的惊奇口吻。例如:
A
:
Look
,
it
p>
‘
s
raining!
B:
So
it
is.
在这里,
So it
is
的含义是
You are right! It is
raining
;
and this surprises
me.
more than
的用法
more than
a)
接名词,意为“不仅,不止”,有
and
p>
的意思。
He was more than a scientist, but was a
poet.
他不仅是为科学家,还是个诗人。
b)
接数词,意为“
...
以上”。
More than twenty people
were injured in the accident.
20
多人在事故中受伤。
c)
接形容词,意为“非常,十分”。
He was more
than pleased with her performance.
他对她的表演非常满意。
d)
接含
can
的从句,意为“如此
...
p>
不能;
...
得不”。
The beauty
of the place is more than I can describe.
那地方美得无法形容。
e)
接动词,意为“不仅是
...
而且还
...
”
。
They decide to do more than talk about
the rise of the cheating.
主谓倒装
主语和谓语是句子的核心,
它们之间有两种语序:一是主语在谓语之前称为自然语序
(
Na
tural Order
);二是主语在谓语之后则称为倒装语序(
Inverted Order
)。而倒装语
序中又有全部
倒装(
Full
Inversion
)和部分倒装(
Partial
Inversion
)两种情况。
首先,在全部倒装的句子中,要把整个谓语放在主语的前面去
而构成倒装语序。
例如:
There are large numbers of students in
the lecture hall.
(在
There
be
?的句式中,
There
只是个引导词而不是主语,真
正的主语是后面作表语
的名词或者名词短语。因此,
There
be
?的句式都是全部倒装的句子。)演讲厅里有大量的
学生。
When
he
ran
to
the
door,
there
stood
a
mid-aged
man
with
a
lantern
in
his
hand
.
(此句是为了
描述情节的需要
,
把倒装当着修辞的手段而写成了全部倒装句。
句子的
主
语是
a mid-aged
man
,谓语是
stood
。)当他
向房门跑去时,那儿正立着一位手里拿着
一盏灯笼的中年男人。
另外,在部分倒装的句子中,只把
谓语的一部分(如情态动词、助动词、或是系动词
be
)放到主
语的前面去,构成倒装语序。例如:
Are
you
going
to
take
part
in
the
football
match
against
Accounting
Department
on Friday
afternoon?
(句子的谓语是
are going
to take part
,
are
是
句子的谓语的一
部分;句子的主语是
you
< br>。所以,此句是部分倒装的句子。疑问句都是部分倒装句。)你
打算去参加星期五
与会计系进行的足球赛吗?
Hardly could he finish his test paper
when the school bell rang .
(由于语法
要求的原因,本句写成了部分倒装的句子。它的自然语序应该是:
When
the
bell rang,
he
could hardly finish his test
paper.
)他还未做完试卷,下课铃就响了。
了解了倒装语序的构成情况后,我
们再来看看倒装语序在各种不同类句子中的使用情
况:
A.
在疑问句中
各种疑问句一般地说都是倒装语序。例如:
Will they come
to see us this weekend ?
这个周末他们将来看我们吗?
Are you talking about the
film you saw last Monday ?
你们是在谈论你们上周一看的那部电影吗?
Can you speak
another foreign language except English?
除开英语,你还能说另一种外语吗?
Where
did
you
buy
the
dictionary,
in
the
book
store
nearby
or
in
Xinhua
bookstore?
你在哪儿买的这本词典,是在附近的书店还是在新华书店?
She is not a
student, isn
‘
t she ?
她不是个学生,对吗?
B.
在感叹句中
某些感叹句也用倒装语序。例如:
Isn
‘
t it a
beautiful garden !
多么美丽的花园啊!
What a
beautiful garden it is !
多么美丽的花园啊!(在这种句
式中,主语在谓语
之前,属于自然语序。对于主语和谓语而言,语序没有倒装。)
Have
you ever seen such a naughty kid like him !
你见过那个孩子像他这么调皮!
C.
在陈述句中
陈述句在一般情况下用自然语序;
但
由于英语语法的某些原因,
陈述句也要使用倒装语
序。这些原因
大致可以归纳
1)
为了避免句子部分内容不必要的重复,常用
动词(助动词、情态动词)
+
主语
或
动词
(助动词、情态动词)
+
主语
的倒装句式。其中第一个
句式表示
与前面所述的肯定情况相同
,
第二个句式表示
与前面所述的否定
情况相同
。
例如:
His brother
is a college student; so is mine.
他弟弟是大学生,我弟弟也是。
His brother is
not a college student; nor is min .
他弟弟不是大学生,我弟弟也不是。
He used to have
his further study abroad; so did I.
他曾去国外深造过,我也去过。
He
didn
‘
t use to have his
further study abroad; neither did I.
他没去国外深造过,我也没有。
One of my
friends can speak three foreign languages; so can
his wife.
我的一个朋友会说三门外国语,他的妻子也会。
One of my
friends
cannot speak three
foreign languages;
neither
can
his wife
.
我的一个朋友不会说三门外国语,他的妻子也不会。
They are now
preparing for their final examinations; so are we
.
他们正在为期末考试作准备,我们也一样。
They are not
now preparing for their final examinations; nor
are we .
他们没在为期末考试作准备,我们也没有。
2
)具有
否定意义的词或短语置于句首时(除否定词修饰主语外),句子一般要写成部
分倒装句。
这类词或短语常见的有:
not, never, seldom, hardly,
rarely, scarcely, by
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