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英语四六级必备语法汇总

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2021-02-26 05:49
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2021年2月26日发(作者:2212)



英语四六级语法汇总



特殊的虚拟语气词


:should



1



It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that


?结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用


should


加动词原形,


should


可省略。





句型:





(1)suggested




It is


(2)important



that


?


+ (should) do




(3) a pity




(1)suggested, ordered, proposed, required,


demanded, requested, insisted




+ (should) do




(2)important, necessary, natural, strange




a pity,


a shame,


no wonder




(3)It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week.




It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.




2


)在宾语从句中的应用





在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。





order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +


(should) do




I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.




He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.




注意:




suggest,


insist< /p>


不表示



建议





坚持要某人做某事时


,即它们用于其本




暗示、表明





坚持认为



时,宾语从句用陈述语气。





The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.




判断改错


:




(错)



You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill.




(



)


Your pale face suggests that you are ill.




(



)


I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.




(



)


I insisted that you were wrong.




3


)在表语从句,同位语从句中的应用






suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice


等名词后面的表语从句、同位


语从句中要用虚拟语气,即(


should



+


动词原形。





My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.




I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.


一般现在时代替完成时



1)


有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时:



hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say,


remember.



I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.



I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.



2)


句型



?


since


?


代替



?


since


?




3) It is (= has been) five years since we last met.


不定式的特殊句型


soasto


1




表示目的;它的否定式是


so as not to do







Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.







汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。






Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.





轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。



2)



so kind as to ---


劳驾






Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?





劳驾,现在几点了。



none,few,some,any,one,ones


一、


none






1) none


作主语,多与


of


构成短语


none of




在答语中,

< br>none


可单独使用。





Are there any pictures on the wall?


None.




2) none


作主语,谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语,则 其单复数与表语一致。





It is none of your business.




二、


few


一些,少数





few


作主语时,谓语动词用复数,多用于肯定句。





三、


some


一些





1)


可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。





2)


当做



某一



解时,也可与单数名词连用。(< /p>


= a certain






You will be sorry for this some day.




总有一天,你会后悔这件事的。





A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule.




某些人不同意你的看法。





注意:





(1)


在肯定疑问句中用

< p>
some


代替


any


。< /p>





(2)some


用于其他句式中


:




a.


肯 定疑问句中:说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答时。





Would you like


句式中,表委婉请求或建议,如:





Would you like some coffee?




b.


在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时,如:





If you need some help



let me know.




c.


some


位于主语部分


,




Some students haven



t been there before.




d.



当否定的是整体中的部分时,


some


可用于否定句。如:





I haven



t heard from some of my old friends these years.




这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。





四、


any


一些





1)


any


多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。





当句中含有任何的意思时,


any


可用于肯定句。





Here are three novels. You may read any.


这有三本小说,你可任读一本。





五、


one, ones


为复数形式





ones


必须和形容词连用。如果替 代的名词时无形容词在前,则用


some, any


,而不






ones






Have you bought any rulers?


Yes



I



ve bought some.


only


在句首要倒装的情况



Only in this way, can you learn English well.




Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.




如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装





Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.


every,no,all,both,neither,nor


1


)不定代词有





all


,


both,


every,


each,


either,


neither,


more,


little,


few,


much,


many,


another,


other, some, any , one, no


以及


some, something, anything, everything, somebody,


someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.


等。





2




不定代词的功能与用法





a.



every


no


外不定代词既可用作名词,


也可用作形容词。


every



no


在句 中只


能作定语。





I have no idea about it.




b.


all


都,指三者以上。





all


的主谓一致:


all


的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数 决定。





All goes well.



一切进展得很好。





all


通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:不说


all the book


,而说


the whole book







all


可 与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如


all day



all


night



all the year





习惯上不说


all hour



all century






all


还可以与一些特殊的单数名词 连用,



all


China




all


the


city




all


my


life




all the way




3




both


都,指两者。





a.


both


与复数动词连用,但


both


?


and


?可与单数名词连用。





b.


both,


all


都可作同位语,其位置在行为动词前,


be


动词之后。如果助动词或情


态动词后面的实义动词省



去,则位于助动词或情态动词之前。





Who can speak Japanese?



We both (all) can.




4




neither


两者都不





a.


n either


作主语时,谓语动词用单数。





b.


作 定语与单数名词连用,但


neither


?

nor


用作并列连词,可与复数名词连用。其


谓语采用 就近原则。





c.


可用于下列句型,避免重复。





She can



t sing



neither (can) he.




neither



nor




d.


如前句是否定式从句,则主句用


neither


,而不用


nor






If you don



t do it



neither should I.


如果你不干,我也不干。





e.


如后连续有几个否定句式,则 用


nor


,不用


neither






He can



t sing



nor dance



nor skate.


比较


may



might


1




表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;


may


放在句首,表示祝愿。





May God bless you!




He might be at home.




注意:


might


表示推测时,不表示时态。只是可能性比


may


小。





2




成语:


may/might as well


,后面接不带


to


的不定式 ,意为



不妨







If that is the case, we may as well try.




典型例题





Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn



t very sure yet.




A. must



B. may


C. can


D. will




答案


B.


表可能性只能用


may.


此句意可从后半句推出。



让步状语从句讲解



though, although




注意:



当有


though,


althoug h


时,后面的从句不能有


but


,但是


though



yet

< p>
可连






Although it



s raining, they are still working in the field.




虽然在下雨,但他们仍在地里干活。





He is very old, but he still works very hard.




虽然他很老,但仍然努力地工作。





Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.




伤口虽愈合,但伤疤留下了。



(谚语)





典型例题





1



___she is young, she knows quite a lot.




A. When


B. However


C. Although


D. Unless




答案:

< p>
C


。意为虽然她很年轻,却知道许多。





2)


as, though


引导的倒装句





as / though


引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提


前)。





Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.




= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.




注意:


a.


句首名词不能带任何冠词。





b.


句首是实义动词,

< p>
其他助动词放在主语后。


如果实义动词有宾语和状语,

随实义动


词一起放在主语之前。





Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.




= Though he tries hard, he never seems


?





虽然他尽了努力,但他的工作总做的不尽人意。





3)


ever if, even though.


即使





We



ll make a trip even though the weather is bad.




4) whether


?


or-



不管??都





Whether you believe it or not, it is true.




5)



疑问词





疑问词


+< /p>


后缀


ever




No matter what happened, he would not mind.




Whatever happened, he would not mind.




替换:


no matter what = whatever




no matter who = whoever




no matter when = whenever




no matter where = wherever




no matter which = whichever




no matter how = however




注意:


no matter


不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。





(错)


No matter what you say is of no use now.




(对)


Whatever you say is of no use now.




你现在说什么也没用了。


(Whatever you say


是主语从句


)




(错)


Prisoners have to eat no matter what they



re given,




(对)


Prisoners


have


to


eat


whatever


they



re


given.


囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。




SodoI


谈起



两人对话,乙方对甲方的问话常可用简短回答作出



反应。例如:


Do


you


like


it?


--


Yes



I do.


这同样适用于陈述句的场合:


You worry too much



-- No



I don


< br>t.


在后一种情况


下,乙方也能




do


+主语



之类



的结构表示看法。





例如甲方说



我喜欢苹果



,乙方


< br>如果想表示



我也喜欢苹果



,英语可以说:





A



I like apples.




B



So do I


.(=


I like apples



too


。)





这里的


s o


在意义上相当于


in the same way


,即同样、



也那样,作简短反 应表示同样


看法时常用之。





就诸如此类的四种结构略作介绍。





1





do


+主语



结构



在简短反应 中表示



我也如此





另外一个人也


< br>如此



时,也


就是主语不同于上文 的主语以及上



文并无可用于构成倒装的动词

< br>(即操作词时)




可用此


结构。例如:


A



I


like


playing


football.


B



So


do


I./So


does


my


brother./So


did


my


father.


如果上文有可用于构成倒装的动词时,则用相同



的动词或根据不同人称用同类的


动词。


I must go -- So must I. John can speak French



--So can I. I



ve got a new


car



--So has John. She is clever.-- So is he.




2





do




主语



结构


< /p>


如果上文表示否定意义而在简短反应中表示同


< br>


看法时,可用此结构。例如,甲方说


I


can



t


swim




乙方如果想表示



我也不会游泳




英语可以说


Neither can I. / Nor can I


(=


I can



t either


)。





又例如:


A



He


doesn



t


speak


French.


B



Neither/Nor


do


I.


Neither/Nor


does


my


brother. Neither/Nor does my father.


关于以上两种结构,有两点说明:





第一,能用动词缩略形式。例如:


I



m going to London. ---So



s John



(is) I



ve


been


to


New


York.


---So



s


John.(has)


I



d


have


gone


to


Tokyo


if


I


could



---So



d


John.(would)


John


hasn



t


got


a


visa.


---Nor



ve


do


I



(have)


Jim


and


Mary


aren



t acting in the college play. ---Neither



s Peter.(is)




第二,


上 述甲乙对话如用


and


连成一句可出自一人


之口。


例如:


John


can


speak


French


and


so


can



t


I.


John


can



t


speak


French


and


neither/


nor


can


I.


John


speaks


French


and so do I. John doesn



t speak French and neither/nor do I.


上述斜体部分相当于


and I can, too / and I can



t either / and I do too / and I don



t either


的意思。





3




+主语+


do


结构



在简短反应中,对别人所说的情况加以肯定以及



主语与上文


主语相同时,


可用此结构,


注意,




里不用倒装同序;


so


的意义相当于


indeed,


cer tainly




不错





对 了




例如:


A



John


smokes


a


lot.


B:


So


he


does



(=He


smokes


a


lot


indeed.)


这类简短反应往往带有说话人的惊奇口吻。例如:


A



Look



it



s


raining!


B:


So


it


is.


在这里,


So it is


的含义是


You are right! It is raining



and this surprises me.


more than


的用法



more than



< p>
a)


接名词,意为“不仅,不止”,有


and


的意思。





He was more than a scientist, but was a poet.




他不仅是为科学家,还是个诗人。





b)


接数词,意为“


...


以上”。





More than twenty people were injured in the accident.




20


多人在事故中受伤。





c)


接形容词,意为“非常,十分”。





He was more than pleased with her performance.




他对她的表演非常满意。





d)


接含


can


的从句,意为“如此


...


不能;


...


得不”。




The beauty of the place is more than I can describe.




那地方美得无法形容。





e)


接动词,意为“不仅是


...


而且还


...


” 。





They decide to do more than talk about the rise of the cheating.


主谓倒装



主语和谓语是句子的核心, 它们之间有两种语序:一是主语在谓语之前称为自然语序



Na tural Order


);二是主语在谓语之后则称为倒装语序(

Inverted Order


)。而倒装语


序中又有全部 倒装(


Full Inversion


)和部分倒装(


Partial Inversion


)两种情况。





首先,在全部倒装的句子中,要把整个谓语放在主语的前面去 而构成倒装语序。





例如:





There are large numbers of students in the lecture hall.




(在


There


be


?的句式中,


There


只是个引导词而不是主语,真 正的主语是后面作表语


的名词或者名词短语。因此,


There


be


?的句式都是全部倒装的句子。)演讲厅里有大量的


学生。





When


he


ran


to


the


door,


there


stood


a


mid-aged


man


with


a


lantern


in


his


hand


.




(此句是为了


描述情节的需要




把倒装当着修辞的手段而写成了全部倒装句。


句子的


主 语是


a mid-aged man


,谓语是


stood


。)当他 向房门跑去时,那儿正立着一位手里拿着


一盏灯笼的中年男人。





另外,在部分倒装的句子中,只把 谓语的一部分(如情态动词、助动词、或是系动词


be


)放到主 语的前面去,构成倒装语序。例如:





Are


you


going


to


take


part


in


the


football


match


against


Accounting


Department


on Friday afternoon?


(句子的谓语是


are going to take part



are


是 句子的谓语的一


部分;句子的主语是


you

< br>。所以,此句是部分倒装的句子。疑问句都是部分倒装句。)你


打算去参加星期五 与会计系进行的足球赛吗?





Hardly could he finish his test paper when the school bell rang .


(由于语法


要求的原因,本句写成了部分倒装的句子。它的自然语序应该是:


When


the


bell rang,


he


could hardly finish his test paper.


)他还未做完试卷,下课铃就响了。





了解了倒装语序的构成情况后,我 们再来看看倒装语序在各种不同类句子中的使用情


况:





A.


在疑问句中





各种疑问句一般地说都是倒装语序。例如:





Will they come to see us this weekend ?


这个周末他们将来看我们吗?





Are you talking about the film you saw last Monday ?




你们是在谈论你们上周一看的那部电影吗?





Can you speak another foreign language except English?




除开英语,你还能说另一种外语吗?





Where


did


you


buy


the


dictionary,


in


the


book


store


nearby


or


in


Xinhua


bookstore?




你在哪儿买的这本词典,是在附近的书店还是在新华书店?





She is not a student, isn



t she ?


她不是个学生,对吗?





B.


在感叹句中





某些感叹句也用倒装语序。例如:





Isn



t it a beautiful garden !


多么美丽的花园啊!





What a beautiful garden it is !


多么美丽的花园啊!(在这种句 式中,主语在谓语


之前,属于自然语序。对于主语和谓语而言,语序没有倒装。)





Have you ever seen such a naughty kid like him !




你见过那个孩子像他这么调皮!





C.


在陈述句中





陈述句在一般情况下用自然语序;


但 由于英语语法的某些原因,


陈述句也要使用倒装语


序。这些原因 大致可以归纳





1)


为了避免句子部分内容不必要的重复,常用



动词(助动词、情态动词)


+


主语





动词 (助动词、情态动词)


+


主语



的倒装句式。其中第一个


句式表示



与前面所述的肯定情况相同





第二个句式表示



与前面所述的否定 情况相同




例如:




His brother is a college student; so is mine.




他弟弟是大学生,我弟弟也是。





His brother is not a college student; nor is min .




他弟弟不是大学生,我弟弟也不是。





He used to have his further study abroad; so did I.




他曾去国外深造过,我也去过。





He didn



t use to have his further study abroad; neither did I.




他没去国外深造过,我也没有。





One of my friends can speak three foreign languages; so can his wife.




我的一个朋友会说三门外国语,他的妻子也会。





One of my friends


cannot speak three


foreign languages;


neither can


his wife .


我的一个朋友不会说三门外国语,他的妻子也不会。





They are now preparing for their final examinations; so are we .




他们正在为期末考试作准备,我们也一样。





They are not now preparing for their final examinations; nor are we .




他们没在为期末考试作准备,我们也没有。





2


)具有 否定意义的词或短语置于句首时(除否定词修饰主语外),句子一般要写成部


分倒装句。 这类词或短语常见的有:


not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, by

-


-


-


-


-


-


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