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主题:翻译过程:理解与表达(注意最后是翻译练习啊!
)
The
Process of translation
According to Nida,
difference in translation can generally be
accounted for by three basic
factors in
translating: (1) the nature of the message, (2)
the purpose or purposes of the
author
and, by proxy, of the translator, and (3) the type
of the audience. (Nida, 1964: 156)
奈达:分析、传译、重组、检验
The
four
basic
processes
in
translating
consist
of
(1)
analysis
of
the
source
text,
(2)
transfer from source to target
language, (3) restructuring in the target
language, and (4)
testing of the
translated text with persons who represent the
intended audience.
(
Nida,
2001: P
. 108)
中国传统方法:理解、表达、审校
理解与翻译
理解是语义辨析、语法分析和逻辑分析相互交叉的过程。
p>
语义辨析就是识别词语的本义和喻义、搭配意义和情感意义、语法意义和语用意义等。
语义辨析
1.
根据
词义搭配确定词义
吃官司
(be
bought to court)
吃回扣
(accept
a kickback)
吃馆子
(eat out;
dine out)
吃亏
(suffer losses)
吃枪子
(be hit by a
bullet)
吃得开
(be
popular)
吃闲饭
(unemployed and without income)
吃香
(popular)
(1)
老战士
(2)
老领导
(3)
老师傅
(4)
老闺女
(5)
老黄牛
(6)
老芹菜
(7)
老皇历
(8)
老生常谈
(1)
老战士
a veteran (2)
老领导
a senior
leader(3)
老师傅
a
master craftsman(4)
老
闺女
the youngest daughter(5)
老黄牛
a willing
ox(6)
老芹菜
overgrown celery(7)
老皇
历
last year's calendar(8)
老生常谈
commonplace
申请书
报告书
协议书
成绩通知书
(使用)说明书
旅行委托书
成交确认书
电视机使用说明书
白皮书
家书
无巧不成书
letter of application;
report; agreement;
grade report;
direction;
booking form;
sales confirmation;
television operation guide;
white book;
a
letter from home;
no
coincidence, no stories
2.
根据词类确定词义
留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。
As
long as green mountains exist, there will be no
shortage of firewood.
While there is
life, there is hope.
事在人为
Human effort is the decisive factor.
父母都在
Both parents
are still around.
事情发生在去年。
It
happened last year.
3.
根据语境判断词义
青出于蓝而胜于蓝
青布
the indigo
blue is bluer than the plant it comes from--the
pupil surpasses the master
The new coming from the old is better
than the old.
4.
根据专业和场合确定词义
沙眼
管子有沙眼
(small
whole)
眼睛患有沙眼病
(trachoma)
语法分析
表层结构
逻辑分析
深层含义
“打扫卫生”
“养病”
“吃食堂”
“救火”
“修复皱纹”(眼霜)
你不去我去
“你去哪?吃饭没?”
(功能分析)
利用语法知识分析语句意义
这本书我读了三天了。
这本书我读了三天。
利用逻辑知识分析语句内在逻辑
明枪易躲,暗箭难防。
(转折)
It is easy
to
dodge
a spear in the
open, but hard to
guard
against an
arrow shot from
hiding.)
路遥知马力,日久见人心。
(并列)
As a long road tests a
horse
’
s strength, so a long
task proves a person
’
s
heart.)
人无远虑,必有近忧。
If a man takes no thought about what is
distant, he will find sorrow near at hand.)
从语义和行文的角度对汉语流水句进行断句
< br>汉语流水句这一生动说法是吕叔湘先生提出来的,
他曾指出,
“汉语口语里特多流水句,
一
个小句接一个小句,很多地方
可断可连”
(
吕叔湘,
1979
p>
:
27)
。
p>
这种句式汉译英的要点是
理清其语义和关系
,
加以拆译
,
添加必要连接词语以体现
英语句子之间逻辑关系的显性连接
和汉语的隐性连贯
.
He was a handicapped
child
,
but he
persevered in his studies
,
and later he became a
well-
known scholar
.
他身残志坚,坚持学习,后来成为有名得学者。
When Chou En-
lai
’
s door opened they saw a
slender mall of more than average height
with
gleaming
eyes
and
a
face
so
striking
that
it
bordered
on
the
beautifu1
.
(Agnes
Smedley
:
The Great
Road)
周恩来的房门打开了。他们看到一位身材修长的人,比普通人略高,目光炯
炯,面貌引人注
目,称得上清秀。
通过语境对汉语歧义句进行分析
父在母先亡。
教师的平均工资应当不低于或高于国家公务员的平均工资水平。
怎样理解原文?
一、要理解原文语句的内部关系
二、要理解特殊语言现象的特殊含义:
三、要结合上下文语境进行理解
四、要通过吃透词语含义进行理解
五、要明确词语的具体指代进行理解
六、要理解词语不同用法时的不同含义
七、要注意省略和替代部分的理解
怎样表达译文?
一、要摆脱原文语句结构的影响
二、要避免照搬英汉词典中的释义
三、要充分运用汉语独特的表达优势
四、要完整无遗地传达原文的意义
五、遣字造句要结合和借鉴语景
六、要善于运用各种翻译技巧
怎样理解原文?
德国译学教授
Wolfram
Wilss
说:
Translating requires the syntactic,
semantic, stylistic and text-pragmatic
comprehension
by the translator of the
original texts.
(翻译过程要求译者在句法、语义、文体和语篇语用<
/p>
各方面对原文的进行理解。
)
一、要理解原文语句的内部关系:
【例
34
】
He ate his savory, and hurried the maid
as she swept the crumbs.
×他一边吃着最后的一道消食小
吃,一边催促女佣人赶快打扫碎屑。
【译文】
他吃完最后的一道消食小吃,在女佣人打扫碎屑时,催她快一点。
【例
35
】
Derek fancies himself as a
ladies
’
man, but he spends
too much time admiring
himself in the
mirror for my liking.
×德里克自以为是讨女人喜欢的人,
可是为了讨我喜欢,
他却花很多时间在镜子面前自
我欣赏。
【译文】
德里克自以为是个讨女人喜欢的人,可是我不喜欢他花那么多的时间在镜子
面前自我欣赏。
二、要理解特殊语言现象的特殊含义:
【例
36
】
John is now with his parents in New
York; it is three years since he was a high
school teacher in Washington.
【例
37
】
She didn't attend the meeting because
she wanted to.
三、要结合上下文语境进行理解:
No context, no word when used in a new
context is a new word.
狭义上下文:一
个词或句子前后的词或句子。
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