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Approaches To Translation
翻译问题探索
New Mark
Chapter
one
The theory and the
craft of translation
Translation theory
derives from comparative linguistics, and within
linguistics, it
is
mainly
an
aspect
of
semantics.
All
questions
of
semantics
relate
to
translation
theory
.
Translation
is
a
craft
consisting
in
the
attempt
to
replace
a
written
message
or
statement
in
one
language
by
the
same
message
or
statement
in
another
language.
Each exercise involves some kind of
loss of meaning, due to a number of factors.
Chapter two
What
is translation theory about
Translation
theory's
main
concern
is
to
determine
appropriate
translation
methods for the
widest possible range of texts or text-categories.
Further, it provides a
framework
of
principles,
restricted
rules
and
hints
for
translating
and
criticizing
translations, a
background for problem-solving.
Translation
theory
attempts
to
give
some
insight
into
the
relation
between
thought,
meaning
and
language;
the
universal,
cultural
and
individual
aspects
of
language and behaviour, the
understanding of cultures;
the
interpretation of texts
that
may be clarified and even
supplemented by way of translation.
Translation theory covers a wide range
of pursuits, attempts always to be
useful,
to
assist
the
individual
translator
both
by
stimulating
him
to
write
better
and
to
suggest points of agreement on common
translation problems.
Chapter three
Thought, speech and
translation
Inner speech is not the
interior aspect of external speech--it is a
function in itself.
It is to a large
extent thinking in pure meanings.
The
primary activity, application and purpose of
language
in
the
mature adult
is
thinking,
not
speech
or
writing
or
communicating
or
expression.
First,
one
cannot
think
for
long
without
having
words
in
one's
mind.
Secondly,
even
the
most
loquacious person spends most of her
time thinking.
The
relation
between
thought
and
speech
is
intermittent----thought
sparks
off
speech,
and
speech
is
frequently
an
automatism,
a
reflex
action,
the
response
to
a
stimulus
and
only
weakly
the
product
of
thought.
Therefore,
thought
is
closer
to
writing
than
to
speaking,
and
in
this
sense,
writing,
arising
from
and
controlled
by
thought, has primacy over speaking.
When
one
is
translating
orally
,
one
only
starts
thinking,
in
the
sense
of
inner
speech,
when
one
is
lost
for
a
word
or
meets
some
difficulty;
when
one
writes
a
translation one is thinking all the
time.
Thinking
precedes
speech
and
writing
and
therefore
the
main
purpose
of
language is not to communicate.
Speech
is
older
and
more
widespread
that
writing
and
a
child
speaks
before
it
writes.
Having
knowledge
of
a
language,
however,
often
precedes
speaking,
which
requires additional
accessory capacities.
Writing
systems
are
originated
in
thought,
moderated,
socialized,
made
more
communicative
in
speech,
and
then
again
mediated
through
thought.
However,
the
most
important
reason
for
challenging
the
primacy
of
speech
over
writing
is
that