药学英语第五版原文翻译

万亿细

胞有序组成了不同的功能结构，

其中一些 被

称为器官。

每个功能结构都在维持细胞外液

< br>稳态方面发挥其作用，这称之为内环境。只

要内部环境处于正常状态，

存并正常运行。每个细胞都从稳态中获益，

反过来，每个细胞都为稳态做出贡献。这种

相互作用促使机体持续自主运行，< /p>

直至一个

或多个功能系统不能正常运转。此时，机体

所有细胞都会受损。

功能极度异常会导致死

亡，轻微 的功能异常导致疾病的发生。

dysfunction leads to death; moderate dysfunction leads to sickness.

The Other Side of Antibiotics

Antibiotics

have

eliminated

or

controlled

so

many

infectious

diseases that virtually everyone has benefited from their use at one time

or another. Even without such personal experience, however, one would

have

to

be

isolated

indeed

to

be unaware

of

the

virtues,

real

and

speculative,

of

these

“miracle”

drugs.

The

Am

erican

press,

radio,

and

television have done a good job of reporting the truly remarkable story

of

successes

in

the

chemical

war

on

germs.

What’s

more,

any shortcomings on their part have been more than made up for by the

aggressive

public

relations

activity

of

the

pharmaceutical companies

抗生素的另一面

抗生素已经消除或控 制了很多传染

病，实际上每个人都从这种或那种使用中

受益。即 使没有这样的个人经验，人们也

不得不孤立地认识到这些

“

奇迹

”

药物的优

点 ，真实性和推测性。美国新闻界，广播

电台和电视台在报道有关细菌化学战争成

功的真实故事方面做得很好。更重要的是，

制造和销售抗生素的制药公司 的积极的公

共关系活动已经弥补了他们的缺点。

which manufacture and sell antibiotics.

In

comparison,

the

inadequacies

and

potential

dangers

of

these

remarkable

drugs

are

much

less

widely

known.

And

the

lack of

such

knowledge

can

be

bad,

especially

if

it

leads

patients

to

pressure

their

doctors

into

prescribing

antibiotics

when

such

medication

isn’t

really

needed, or leads them to switch doctors until they find one who is, so to

speak, antibiotics-minded.

Because

the

good

side

of

the

antibiotics

story

is

so

very

well-known,

there

seems

more

point

here

to

a

review

of

some

of the

immediate and long-

range problems that can come from today’s casual

use

of

these

drugs.

It

should

be

made

clear

in advance

that

calamities

from the use of antibiotics are rare in relation to the enormous amounts

of the drugs administered. But the potential hazards, so little touched on

generally,

do

need

a

clear

statement.

The

antibiotics

are

not,

strictly speaking, exclusively prescription drugs. A number of them are

permitted

in

such

over-the-counter

products

as

nasal

sprays, lozenges,

troches, creams, and ointments. Even if these products do no harm, there

is

no

point

whatsoever

in

using

them.

If you

have

an

infection

serious

enough

to

warrant

the

launching

of

chemical

warfare,

you

need

much

bigger doses of the antibiotics than any of the non-prescription products

are allowed to contain.

Over-the-counter

products,

however,

account

for

only

a

small

percentage of total antibiotics production. It is

the prescription dosages

that

give

people

trouble.

These

drugs

—

even

allowing

for

the

diverse

abilities

of

the

many narrow-spectrum

ones

and

the

versatility

of

the

broad- spectrum

ones

—

are

not

the

cure- alls,

they

often

are

billed

as

being. There are wide gaps in their ability to master contagious diseases.

Such important infections as mumps, measles, common colds, influenza,

and infectious hepatitis still await conquest. All are virus infections and

despite

intense

efforts,

very

little progress

has

been

made

in

chemotherapy

against

viruses.

Only

small

progress

has

been

achieved

against fungi. Many strains

of bacteria and fungi are naturally resistant

to

all

currently

available

antibiotics

and

other

chemotherapeutic

drugs.

Some microorganisms

originally

sensitive

to

the

action

of

antibiotics,

especially

staphylococcus,

have

developed

resistant

strains.

This

acquired resistance imposes on the long range value of the drugs a very

important

limitation,

which

is

not

adequately met

by

the

frequent

introduction of new antimicrobial agents to combat the problem.

相比之下，这些显着 的药物的不足之

处和潜在的危险是广为人知的。缺乏这样

的知识 可能是不好的，特别是如果它导致

病人迫使他们的医生处方抗生素，当这种

药物是不是真的需要，或导致他们切换到

医生，直到他们找到一个谁可以说， 抗生

素

-

头脑。

因为抗生素故事的好处是如此 众所周

知，在这里似乎更重要的是要回顾一下当

今随便使用这些 药物可能产生的一些近期

和远期问题。应该预先说明，使用抗生素

造成的灾难与所投入的大量药物有关。但

是一般来说很少涉及的潜在危害确实需要

一个明确的说法。严格来说，抗生素不是

完全处方药。它们中的一些 允许用于鼻腔

喷雾剂，锭剂，锭剂，霜剂和软膏等非处

方产品。 即使这些产品没有坏处，使用它

们也没有任何意义。如果感染的严重程度

足以保证发动化学战争，则需要比任何非

处方产品所含的抗生素剂量大得多的抗 生

素。

然而，非处方药产品仅占抗生 素总产

量的很小比例。这是给人们麻烦的处方剂

量。这些药物， 即使考虑到许多窄谱药物

的多样性和广谱药物的多样性，也不是治

愈所有的药物，

他们往往被称为

“

药 物

”

。

掌

握传 染病的能力差距很大。像腮腺炎，麻

疹，感冒，流行性感冒和传染性肝炎等重

感染，尽管付出了巨大的努力，但 在化学

疗法方面进展甚微。真菌只取得小的进展。

许多细菌和真 菌菌株对所有目前可用的抗

生素和其他化学治疗药物都具有天然的抗

性。一些原本对抗生素作用敏感的微生物，

特别是葡萄球菌，已经产生了耐药菌株。

这种获得的耐药性对药物的远距离价值提

出了一个非常重要的限 制，而这种限制并

不能通过频繁引入新的抗菌剂来解决这个

It

has

been

pretty

well

established

that

the

increase

in

strains

of

bacteria resistant to an antibiotic correlates directly with the duration and

extent

of

use

of

that

antibiotic

in

a

given

location.

In

one

hospital

a

survey showed that, before erythromycin had been widely used there, all

strains of staphylococci taken from patients and personnel were sensitive

to

its

action.

When

the

hospital

started

extensive

use

of

erythromycin,

however, resistant staphylococcus strains began to appear.

The

development

of

bacterial

resistance

can

be

minimized

by

a

more

discriminating

use

of

antibiotics,

and

the

person taking

the

drug

can help here. When an antibiotic must be used, the best way to prevent

the development of resistance is to wipe out the infection as rapidly and

thoroughly as possible.

Ideally, this

requires a bactericidal drug, which

问题。

已经确定的是，对抗生素耐药的细菌

菌株的增加直接与在给定位 置使用抗生素

的持续时间和程度相关。在一家医院进行

的一项调 查显示，在红霉素被广泛使用之

前，所有从患者和人员中获得的葡萄球菌

菌株对其作用敏感。当医院开始广泛使用

红霉素时，耐药葡萄球菌菌株开始出现 。

细菌耐药性的发展可以通过更加区分

使用抗生素来最小化，服用这种药物的人

可以在这里帮助。当必须使用抗生素时，

防止抗药性发展的最好方法是尽可能迅速

destroys, rather than a bacteriostatic drug, which inhibits. And the drug

must

be

taken

in

adequate

dosage

for

as

long

as

it

is necessary

to

eradicate

the

infection

completely.

The

doctor,

of

course,

must

choose

the

drug,

but

patients

can

help

by

being sure

to

take

the

full

course

of

treatment recommended by

the doctor, even though symptoms seem to

disappear before all the pills are gone. In rare instances the emergence of

resistance

can

be

delayed

or

reduced

by

combinations

of

antibiotics.

Treatment

of

tuberculosis

with

streptomycin

alone

results

in

a

high

degree of resistance, but if para-aminosalicylic acid or isoniazid is used

with

streptomycin

the

possibility

that

this

complication

will

arise

is

greatly reduced.

In

hospital

treatment

of

severe

infections,

the

sensitivity

of

the

infecting

organism

to

appropriate

antibiotics

is determined

in

the

laboratory before treatment

is started. This enables the

doctor to select

the most effective drug or drugs; it determines whether the antibiotic is

bactericidal

or

bacteriostatic

for

the

germs

at

hand; and

it

suggests

the

amount needed to destroy the growth of the bacteria completely. In either

hospital or home, aseptic measures can help to reduce the prevalence of

resistant strains of germs by preventing cross infection and the resultant

spreading of organisms.

Every

one

of

the

antibiotics

is

potentially

dangerous

for

some

people.

Several

serious

reactions

may

result

from

their use.

One

is

a

severe,

sometimes

fatal,

shock-like

anaphylactic

action,

which

may

strike

people

who

have

become

sensitized

to penicillin.

Anaphylactic

reaction happens less frequently and is less severe when the antibiotic is

given

by

mouth.

It

is most

apt

to

occur

in

people

with

a

history

of

allergy,

or

a

record

of

sensitivity

to

penicillin.

Very

small

amounts

of penicillin, even the traces which get into the milk of cows for a few

days

after

they

are

treated

with

the

antibiotic

for mastitis,

may

be

sufficient

to

sensitize;

hence,

the

strong

campaign

by

food

and

drug

officials keeps such milk off the market.

To

minimize

the

risk

of

anaphylactic

shock

in

illnesses

where

injections of penicillin are the preferred treatment, a careful doctor will

question the patient carefully about allergies and previous reactions. In

case

of

doubt

another antibiotic

will

be

substituted

if

feasible,

or

other

precautionary measures will be taken before the injection is given.

Other

untoward

reactions

to

antibiotics

are

gastrointestinal

彻底地消灭感染。理想情 况下，这需要一

种杀菌药物，而不是一种抑制抑制药物的

杀菌药 物。只要有必要彻底根除感染，必

须服用足够的药物。当然，医生必须选择

药物，但即使在所有药丸消失之前症状似

乎消失，患者仍然可以通过确保服用 医生

推荐的整个治疗过程来提供帮助。在极少

数情况下，抵抗的 出现可以通过抗生素的

组合来延迟或减少。单独使用链霉素治疗

结核病会导致高度的耐药性，但是如果对

氨基水杨酸或异烟肼与链霉素一起使用，

则会出现这种并发症的可能性大大降低。

在 医院治疗严重感染时，在开始治疗

之前，在实验室中确定感染生物对适当抗

生素的敏感性。这使医生能够选择最有效

的药物或药物

;

它决定了抗生素是否对手边

的细菌具有杀菌或抑菌作用

;

它提示了完全

消灭细菌生长所需的量。在 医院或家中，

无菌措施可以通过预防交叉感染和生物体

的扩散来 帮助减少耐药菌株的流行。

每一种抗生素都对某些人有潜在危

险。他们的使用可能会导致一些严重的反

应。一种是严重的，有 时是致命的，类似

休克的过敏反应，可能会引起对青霉素敏

感的 人。口服抗生素时，过敏反应发生频

率较低，严重程度较轻。最容易发生在有