月份托福阅读真题及答案

2005

年

11

月份托 福阅读真题及答案

Questions 1-10

As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of

the eighteenth

century,

it

became

an

increasingly

important

marketing

center

for

a

vast

and

growing

agricultural

hinterland.

Market

days

saw

the

crowded

city

even

more

crowded,

as

line

fanners

from

within

a

radius

of

24

or

more

kilometers

brought their sheep, cows, pigs,

vegetables, cider, and other products

for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street Market was

continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached

from

Front

Street

to

Third.

By

1745

New

Market

was

opened

on

Second

Street

between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began

operation.

Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted

in

Philadelphia

even

after

similar

trading

days

had

been

discontinued

in

other colonial cities. The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade

goods from outlying places to

would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for

example,

were popular items.

Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the

competition,

retail

merchants

opposed

these

as

well

as

the

fairs.

Although

governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than

successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the

merchants' side, as increasing business specialization became the order

of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing

counterparts,

and

specialty

shops

began

to

appear

in

addition

to

general

stores selling a variety of goods.

One of the reasons Philadelphia's merchants generally prospered was

because the

surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic

growth.

They did their business,

after all, in

the capital city of the province.

Not only did they

cater

to

the

governor

and

his

circle,

but

citizens

from

all

over

the

colony

came

to

the

capital

for

legislative

sessions

of

the

assembly

and

council

and the meetings of the

courts of justice.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Philadelphia's agriculture importance

(B) Philadelphia's development as a marketing center

(C) The sale of imported goods in Philadelphia

(D) The administration of the city of Philadelphia

2. It can be inferred

from

the passage that new markets opened in

Philadelphia because

(A) they provided more modem facilities than older markets

(B) the High Street Market was forced to close

(C) existing markets were unable to serve the growing population

(D) farmers wanted markets that were closer to the farms.

3. The word

(A) tradition

(B) association

(C) produce

(D) region

4. The word

(A) the crowded city

(B) a radius

(C) the High Street Market

(D) the period

5. The word

(A) returned

(B) started

(C) declined

(D) continued

6. According to the passage, fairs in Philadelphia were held

(A) on the same day as market says

(B) as often as possible

(C) a couple of times a year

(D) whenever the government allowed it

7. It can be inferred that

the

author mentions

line 12 to show that they were items that

(A) retail merchants were not willing to sell

(B) were not available in the stores in Philadelphia

(C) were more popular in Germantown man in Philadelphia

(D) could easily be transported

8. The word

(A) eliminate

(B) exploit

(C) organize

(D) operate

9. What does the author mean by stating in line 17 that

development was on the merchants' side

(A) Merchants had a strong impact on economic expansion.

(B) Economic forces allowed merchants to prosper.

(C) Merchants had to work together to achieve economic independence

(D)

Specialty

shops

near

large

markets

were

more

likely

to

be

economically

successful.

10. The word

(A) requesting

(B) experiencing

(C) repeating

(D) including

Questions

11-22

Avicolturists, people

who

raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet

learned

how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They

continue

to look for better ways to increase egg production and

to

improve chick

survival rates.

line

When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and

humidity of the

(5)

nest

are

controlled

naturally.

Heat

is

transferred

from

the

bird's

skin to the top portion

of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler

temperature. This

temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest

construction can

contribute

to

this

temperature

gradient

Nests

of

loosely

arranged

sticks,

rocks, or dirt

are

cooler

in

temperature

at

the

bottom

where

the

egg

contacts

the

nesting

material.

(10)

Such

nests

also

act

as

humidity

regulators

by

allowing

rain

to

drain

into the bottom

sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the

water. As the

water

that

collects

in

the

bottom

of

the

nest

evaporates,

the

water

vapor

rises and is

heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the

incubation

environment

(15)

In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from

the

nests

of parrots

and

incubate

them

under

laboratory

conditions.

Most

commercial

incubators

heat the

eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method

of natural

incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the

hatching chicks.

When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden

boxes outdoors

(20)

to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can

become cold after

eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of

nesting material to

act

as

insulator

against

the

cold

bottom

of

the

box.

If

eggs

rest

against

the wooden

bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to

a point where

the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be

protected from

(25)

direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to

the growing embryo.

Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both

extreme

temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a

soft, secure

place to rest.

11. What is the main idea of the passage?

(A) Nesting material varies according to the

parrots' environment.

(B) Humidity is an important factor in

incubating parrots' eggs.

(C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal

nest box for parrots.

(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information

useful for artificial incubation.

12. The word

(A) aviculturists

(B)birds

(C)eggs

(D) rates

13. According to paragraph 2, when the

temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg

are cooler than the top, then

(A) there may be a good chance for

successful incubation

(B) the embryo will not develop normally

(C) the incubating parent moves the egg to

a new position.

(D) the incubation process is slowed down

14. According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to

(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly

hatched chick

(B) hold the nest together

(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom of

the nest

(D) make the nest bigger

15. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water

to

(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity

in the nest

(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the

nest

(C) keep the nest in a clean condition

(D) touch the bottom of the eggs

16. All of the following are part of a parrot's

incubation method EXCEPT

(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from the

bottom of the nest

(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom of

the nest

(C) transferring heat from the parent to the top

of the eggshell

(D) maintaining a constant temperature on the

eggshell

17. The word

meaning to

(A) build

(B) paint

(C)hang

(D) move

18. The word

meaning to

(A) close

(B) deadly

(C) natural

(D) hot

19. The word

meaning to

(A) fiesh

(B)diy

(C)safe

(D)warm

20. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material

provides

(A) a constant source of humidity

(B) a strong nest box

(C) more room for newly hatched chicks

(D) protection against cold weather

21. Which of the following is a problem with

commercial incubators?

(A) They lack the natural temperature changes

of the outdoors.

(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly

(C) They do not transfer heat to the egg in the

same way the parent bird does.

(D) They are expensive to operate.

22. Which of the following terms is defined in thepassage?

(A) Aviculturists (line I)

(B) Gradient (line 8)

(C) Incubation (line 15)

(D) Embryo (line 24)

Questions

23-33

The mineral particles found in soil range in size from microscopic clay

particles

to

large

boulders.

The

most

abundant

particles

—

sand,

silt,

and

clay

—

are

the focus

of examination in studies of soil texture.

Texture

is the term used to

describe the

line

composite sizes of particles in a soil sample, typically several

representative handfuls.

(5)

To measure soil texture, the sand, silt, and clay particles are

sorted out by size and

weight. The weights of each size are then expressed as a percentage of

the sample

weight.

In the field, soil texture can be estimated by extracting a handful of

sod and

squeezing the damp soil

into three basic

shapes; (1) cast, a lump formed

by squeezing

(10)

a sample in a clenched fist; (2) thread, a pencil shape formed by

rolling soil between

the palms; and (3) ribbon, a flatfish shape formed by squeezing a small

sample between

the thumb and index finger. The behavioral characteristics of the soil

when molded into

each of these shapes, if they can be formed at all, provides the basis

for a general

textural classification. The behavior of the soil in the hand test is

determined by the

(15)

amount of clay in the sample. Clay particles are highly cohesive,

and when dampened,

behave as a plastic. Therefore the higher the clay content in a sample,

the more refined

and durable the shapes into which it can be molded.

Another method of determining soil texture involves the use of devices

called

sediment

sieves,

screens

built

with

a

specified

mesh

size.

When

the

soil

is filtered

(20)

through a group of sieves, each with a different mesh size, the

particles become

grouped in corresponding size categories. Each category can be weighed

to make a

textural determination. Although sieves work well for silt, sand, and

larger particles,

they

are

not

appropriate

for

clay

particles.

Clay

is

far

too

small

to

sieve

accurately;

therefore, in soils with a high proportion of clay, the fine particles

are measured on the

(25)

basis

of

their

settling

velocity

when

suspended

in

water

.Since

clays

settle so slowly,

they

are

easily

segregated

from

sand

and

silt.

The

water

can

be

drawn

off

and

evaporated, leaving a residue of clay, which can be weighed.

23. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Characteristics of high quality soil

(B) Particles typically found in most soils

(C) How a high clay content affects the

texture of soil

(D) Ways to determine the texture of soil

24. The author mentions

handrals

(A) the range of soil samples

(B) the process by which soil is weighed

(C) the requirements for an adequate soil

sample

(D) how small soil particles are

25. The phrase

meaning to

(A) mixed

(B) replaced

(C) carried

(D) separated

26. It can be inferred mat the names of the three

basic shapes mentioned in paragraph 2 reflect

(A) the way the soil is extracted

(B) the results of squeezing the soil

(C) the need to check more than one

handful