史上超强!英语国家概况复习笔记!

1455

年到

1485

年

,

以红玫瑰为象征的兰开斯特大家族和以白玫瑰为象征的约克 家族

之间战争

.

虽然玫瑰战争断断续续 进行了

30

年

,

但普通民众所受影响甚微

.

封建制度却遭受了致命打击

,

不少于

80

位皇室 血统的贵族阵亡

.

中世纪

的贵族势力被 大大削弱

,

名誉扫地

.

至此

,

国王的权利变得至高无上

.

After the wars,king Henry Tudor replaced king Richard

Ⅲ

to rule England.

玫瑰战争后

,

亨利

?

都铎取代了理查德三世统治英国

.

Ⅷ

and the English Reformation

亨利八世和英国的宗教改革

Henry

Ⅷ

was above all responsible for the religious reform of

the Church

亨利八世是宗教改革的最重要的责任者

.There were 3 main causes

:

①

a desire for change and reform in the Church had been growing for

many years and now,encouraged by the success of Martin Luther,many people believed its time had come

,

现在又受马丁

路德

成功的鼓舞

,

许多人认为时机已到

;

②

< br>the privilege and wealth of the clergy were also resented

人们痛恨教职人员的特权和财富

;

③

Henry needs money

亨利需要钱

.

The reform began as a struggle for a

divorce

and ended in

freedom

from the Papacy. Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of

Aragon because she could not produce a male heir for the Pope refused to annul his ’s reforms

was to ge

t rid of the English

Church’s connection with the Pope, and to make an

independent

Church of England

. He made this break with Rome gradually

between 1529 and 1534

.

He dissolved all of England’s

monasteries

and

nunneries

because they were more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings,and past two laws as

the

Act of succession of 1534

and

the Act of Supremacy of 1535

made his reform possible. He established the church of England as the national church of the

country, and he made himself the supreme head of the church of England.

改革以争取离婚而开始

,

.

亨利八世想与阿拉贡的凯瑟< /p>

琳离婚因为她没有生下男嗣

,

但是教皇拒 绝了

.

亨利改革的目的是摆脱英国教会与教皇的联系

成立独立的英格兰教会

.1529

年至

1534

年间逐渐地

与 罗马脱离了关系

.

他解散了所有英国的修道院和修女院

,

因为后者对教皇比对英国国王更忠诚

.153 4

年的《继位法》和

1535

年的《至 尊法案》

使改革具有了可行性

.1535

年他获

“

英格兰教会最高首脑

”

之称号

.

The English Reformation had 3 important effects:They stressed the power of the

monarch and certainly stren

gthened Henry’s position; Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work before, its importance grew as

a result. His attack on the Pope’s power encouraged many critics of abuses of the Catholic Church. England was moving away fo

rm Catholicism towards

protestaintism.

改革的三大影响

:

亨利的改革强调了君主权力

< br>,

自然加强了亨利的地位

;

议会 以往从未做过如此漫长而重要的工作

,

自然其重要性

;

他对教皇权力的打击鼓舞许多人批评 指责天主教会

,

并希望从天主教转向新教

.

eth

I

and

Parliament

伊莉莎白一世和国会

Generally

speaking,Elizabeth

was

able

to

work

with

Parliament,but

the

relationship

with

Parliament was often

turbulent

.Parliament wished its customary right of

free speech

confirmed in writing;and it wanted to be allowed to

start discussion

of important questions at will

,not by eth would not permit either eth treated 5 questions as personal and were

her

religion

,her

marriage

,her

foreign policy

,the

succession to the throne

and her

finance

.

伊丽莎白 能与议会合作

,

但与议会的关系经常动荡不安

< br>.

议会

希望以书面形式确认议会按惯例已享有的言论自由

,

也希望能随意地讨论重大问题

,

而无需经过女王邀请

.

伊丽莎白一件也未批 准

.

伊丽莎白把五

个问题看作是个人问 题

,

那就是她的宗教

,

婚姻

,

对外政策

,

.

eth's religious reform and her foreign policy

伊莉莎白的宗教改革和外交政策

Elizabeth's religious reform was a compromise

of views. She broke Mary's ties with Rome and restored her father's independent Church of England, i.e.

keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but

to be free of the Papal control

.Her religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics.

< /p>

伊

丽莎白的宗教改革是各种观点的妥协

.

她中断了玛丽女王与罗马建立的关系

,

恢复了她父亲建立的独立的英格兰教会也就是说她保持天主教的教

条及做法

,

但不受教皇控制

.

她的宗 教和解既不被极端的清教徒所接受

,

也不为虔诚的天主教徒所接 受

.

For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully

played off against each other the two great Catholic powers, France and Spain, and prevented England from

getting involved in any

major European

conflict. Through her marriage alliances which were never materialized, Elizabeth managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France. So England

wad able to face the danger from

1588

,the English navy defeated the

Spanish Armada

.The destruction of the Spanish Armada showed E

ngland’

superiority as a naval power

.

< br>近

30

年的时间

,

伊莉莎白成功地令两大天主教强国法国和西班牙互相斗杀

,

< br>从而免于英国卷入任何主要的欧洲国的

冲突

.

,

伊莉莎白设法与法国维 持友好关系

,

因此英国能面对来自西班牙的危险

.1588

年

,

英国海军击败 了西班牙舰队

.

西班

牙无敌舰队的灭亡 表明了英国作为海上强国的优势

.

ctive

features

of

the

English

Renai ssance

英国文艺复兴的特点

In

England,the

Renaissance

began

in

1485

and

it

had

5

characteristics

英国的文艺复兴起始与

1485

年

.< /p>

五个特点

:

①

E nglish

culture

was

revitalized

not

so

much

directly

by

the

classics

as

by

contemporary

Europeans under the influence of the classics

英国文化的复兴不全是 直接接受古典文化的影响

,

而更多的是受当时有文艺复兴思想的 欧洲人的影响

;

②

England

as

an

insular

country

followed

a

course

of

social

and

political

history

which

was

to

a

great

extent

independent

of

the

course

of

history

elsewhere in Europe< /p>

作为岛国

,

英国的社会和政治历史进程在 很大程度上独立于欧洲其它国家

;

③

O wing to the great genius of the 14th century poet

Chaucer, the native literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating for foreign influences without being subjected by them.

由于

14

世

纪伟大的天才诗人乔叟的出现

,

< br>英国本土文学相当有生气

,

善于融合外来影响而未被同化

;

④

English

Renaissance’s

literature

is

primarily

artistic,rather than philosophical and scholarly.

⑤

The Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England

英国文艺复兴文学首先是艺术的

,

其次才

< br>是哲学的和学术的

⑤

文艺复兴与英国宗教改革同时发生< /p>

.

Civil Wars and their consequences

内战及其影响

Because of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation between Charles I and

the Parliament developed into the civil war began on August 22,1642 and ended in 1651. Charles I was condemned to death.