-
UNIT I
LOGISTICS
第一单元
物流
PART
Ⅰ
The Definition
of Logistics
PART
Ⅰ
物流的定义
The
introduction of Logistics
物流简介
[Para1]
“Logistics”
is
a
term,
which
originates
from
both
the
army
an
d
French.
According
to
the
French,
the
Baron
of
Jomini,
who
of
Swiss
origin
who
had
served
in
Napoleon’s army before
joining the Russians and who later founded the
Military Academy of
St. Petersburg,
first used the term in the early 19th century. So
in a military sense, the term
‘logistics’
encompasses
transport
organization,
army
replenishments
and
material
maintenance.
“物流”或“后勤”一词其实源于军队，
对其词义解释亦有多个不同版本，
根据
法国人阐述之词义，
该词早于十九世纪初被祖文尼男爵率先采用。祖文尼是一名原藉
瑞士的军官
，他在投奔俄罗斯军队之前在拿破伦军中服役，
其后一手创立
“圣彼得堡
军事学院”。就军事意识而言，物流管理―词意即运输编制、军队补给和物料
保养。
[Para2]
In
the business world however, the concept of
“logistics” was applied solely to
“Material Replenishment Programs” (MRP)
and was confined to the manufacturing sector at
the
beginning.
Therefore
the
extension
of
the
concept
to
involve
company
operations
is
a
relatively new one and the earliest
usage dates back to the 1950s in the USA.
< br>然而在商务界中，
“物流管理”的概念仅仅用于
“物料需求计划”
，并且最初是在
制造业的部
门开始使用。
因此该概念被扩展应用于公司是相对较新的，
最早
使用始于美
国的
1950
年代。
[Para3]
The introduction of containers and the
development of information technology
have
brought
about
the
development
and
improvement
of
logistics’
activities.
Whereas
containerization
has
helped
master
the
transportation
process,
information
technology
has
enabled information to be acted upon in
real time thus speeding up the flow of
transportation
and delivery.
集装箱的发明以及信息技术发达，
都从技术方面推动了物流活动的发展。
集装箱化
有助于货主掌握运输过程，
信息技术使我们
能在第一时间掌握信息，
因此使得运输和配
送的速度大大加快。
[Para4]
Logistics starts with the provision of
raw materials and semi-finished goods for
the
manufacturing
process,
and
finishes
up
with
the
physical
distribution
and
after
sales
service of the products.
1
物流管理从原材料的提供开始，
经过生产过程中的半成品，
以产品的分配和售后服
务为结束。
[Para5]
Economically,
this
creates
a
new
source
of
profit
characterized
by
the
development of mass
distribution and attention to service quality. The
two basis objectives in
practicing
business
logistics,
cost
reduction
and
time
saving,
have
enabled
companies
to
profit not only in performance and
quality but also in customer satisfaction.
经济学上认为，
这产生一个新的利润源泉，
表现在集中
配上的发展和对服务质量的
关注上。
实际商务物流管理的二个基
础目的，
费用减少和时间节省方面，
已经使公司利
润不仅来源于性能和质量，也来自客户满意方面。
[Para6]
Operationally,
companies
realize
that
by
regrouping
the
different
aspects
of
logistics and instead of
viewing them as separate processes, substantial
savings can be made
within their
business’s outgoing expenditure.
从运营角度来看，
公司意识到将物流
的各个方面进行重组而不是将它们看成是独
立的个体，更会替公司大量节省金钱。
What is logistics?
什么是物流
?
[Para7]
There
are
various
definitions
of
different
editions.
The
term
was
defined
as
follow:
有不同版本的各种不同定义，物流被定义如下：
?
Logistics
(business
definition)
：
Logistics
is
defined
as
a
business-planning
framework
for
the
management
of
material,
service,
information
and
capital
flows.
It
includes the increasingly complex
information, communication and control systems
required
in today's business
environment.
——
(Logistics
Partners Oy, Helsinki, FI, 1996)
物流管理
(
商务定义
)
：物流管理被定义为材料、服务的管理、信息和资金
流的商
务计划的架构。
它包括在今天
的商务环境所需要的愈加复杂的信息、
沟通和控制
系统。
——<
/p>
(
物流管理合伙人，芬兰首都赫尔辛基，芬兰，
< br>1996)
?
Logistics
(military
definition)
：
The
science
of
planning
and
carrying
out
the
movement and maintenance of forces....
those aspects of
military operations
that deal with
the
design
and
development,
acquisition,
storage,
movement,
distribution,
maintenance,
evacuation
and
disposition
of
material;
movement,
evacuation,
and
hospitalization
of
personnel;
acquisition
of
construction,
maintenance,
operation
and
disposition
of
facilities;
and acquisition
of furnishing of services.
——
(JCS Pub 1-02 excerpt)
2
物流管理
(
军事定义
)
：
科学的计划、
调遣的执行
和武力的维持
....
那些军事行动
的
方方面面涉及计划、发展、购置、储藏、调遣、分配、维护、撤退和物资、行
动、撤退、
医疗人员的部署；建筑物购置、维护、操作和设备的部署；服务性家
具的购置。
——
(
参谋长联席会议
1-02
摘录
)
?
Logistics
：
The
procurement,
maintenance,
distribution,
and
replacement
of
personnel and materiel.
——
(Webster’s
Dic
tionary)
?
?
物流管理：人员和物料的采购、维护、分配和替换。
Logistics
：
1. The
branch of military operations that deals with the
procurement,
——<
/p>
(
费伯斯特的字典
)
distribution,
maintenance, and replacement of materiel and
personnel.
2. The
management
of the details of an
operation.
——
(American Heritage Dictionary)
物流管理：
1.
< br>处理物料和人员的采购、
分配、
维护和替补的军事行动的
部门。
2.
操作的细节的管理。
——
(
美国传统字典
)
?
Logistics
：
The process of planning, implementing,
and controlling the efficient,
effective flow and storage of goods,
services, and related information from point of
origin to
point of consumption for the
purpose of conforming to customer requirements.
Note that this
definition
includes
inbound,
outbound,
internal,
and
external
movements,
and
return
of
materials for environmental purposes.
——
(Reference:
Council of Logistics Management)
物流：计划、执行的过程，有效控制的存货和服务的流程，为符合消费者的需求
的从起点到最终消费的相关信息。注意：这定义包括输入、输出、内在和外部的
活动
以及为了环境的目的的材料回收。
——
(
参考
:
物流管理管理的会议
)
?
Logistics
：
The
process of planning, implementing, and controlling
the efficient,
cost
effective
flow
and
storage
of
raw
materials,
in-process
inventory,
finished
goods
and
related information from
point of origin to point of consumption for the
purpose of meeting
customer
requirements.
——
(Reference: Canadian Association of
Logistics Management)
物流：物流是对原材料、在制品库存、
产成品及相关信息从起源地到消费地的有
效率的、低成本有效益的流动和储存进行计划、
执行和控制，以满足客户要求的
过程。
——（参考：加拿大物流管理协会）
3
?
Logistics
：
The
science
of
planning,
organizing
and
managing
activities
that
provides goods or services.
——
(MDC, Log Link
/ Logistics World, 1997)
物流：是计划、组织和管理年那些提供产品和服务活动的科学。
——（
MDC
，物流管理世界，
1997
）
?
Logistics
：
Logistics is the science of
planning and implementing the acquisition
and use of the resources necessary to
sustain the operation of a system.
——
(Reference: ECRC
University of Scranton / Defense Logistics Agency)
?
的科学。
--(
参考
:
斯克兰顿大学资策会
/
国防物流机构
)
[Para8]
From
these
definitions
logistics
can
be
briefly
described
like
this:
means having the right
thing, at the right place, at the right
time.
with satisfying the customer. This
implies that management must first understand what
those
requirements are before a
logistics strategy can be developed and
implemented to meet them.
As will be
discussed in more detail later, customer service
is the most important output of an
organization’s
logistics
system.
This
focus
on
customer
satisfaction
will
be
emphasized
through the text
just as it should be in the firm.
从上述定义
来看，
物流可以简短的描述如下：
“物流意味着将正确的东西，
在正确
的地方，在正确的时间送达。”这定义的核心，就是物流
要让客户满意。这暗示着在物
流策略发展前，管理必须先了解需求是什么并满足这些需求
。
正如后文将要详细讨论
的，
客户服务是组织的物流管理系统的最重要输出。
本文将通篇强调客户满
意，
正如在
公司中客户满意也是如此受重视。
< br>
[Para9]
In a more
practical sense, logistics refers to the
systematic management of the
various
activities required to move benefits from their
point of production to the customer.
Often
these
benefits
are
in
the
form
of
a
tangible
product
that
must
be
manufactured
and
moved to the user;
sometimes these benefits are intangible and are
known as services. They
too must be
produced and made available to the final consumer.
But logistics encompasses
much more
than just the transport of goods.
在现实意义
上，
物流管理是指在将利益从生产地点转移到消费者的过程中的各种不
< br>同活动的系统管理。
通常这些利益是有形的产品，它们
被生产出来并移动到使用者；
有时这些利益是无形产品即服务。
他们同样也应生产出来并使最终消费者可以得到。
但是物流管理
包含的不仅仅是运输物品。
[Para10]
The concept of benefits is a
multifaceted one that goes beyond the product or
service itself to include issues
regarding timing, quantity, supporting services,
location, and
cost. So a basic
definition of logistics is the continuous process
of meeting customer needs by
ensuring
the
availability
of
the
right
benefits
for
the
right
customer,
in
the
quantity
and
4
物流管理：物流管理是计划和执行获得物并使用维持系统的操作所需的资源
condition desired by that customer, at
the time and place the customer wants them, all
for a
price the buyer is willing to
pay. These concepts apply equally well to for-
profit industries
and non-profit
organizations, as the earlier discussion on
military requirements illustrated.
利益的概
念是多方面的，它不仅是产品或服务本身还包含时间、数量、服务支持、
位置、
成本等方面问题。
因此物流的基本概念是满足客户需求的一个连续的过程
，
要确
保正确的客户按他所要求的数量和条件，
在正确的地点和时间，
以买主愿意支付价格得
到他的产
品。
这些观念在营利和非营利的组织同样得到很好地应用，
如较
早讨论的在军
事上的应用。
[Para11]
However, logistics
can mean different things to different
organizations. Some
firms are more
concerned with producing the benefits; that is,
their management focus is on
the flow
of raw materials into the production process
rather than on delivering the final goods
to
the
user.
The
sourcing
and
managing
of
raw
materials
and
component
parts
is
often
referred
to
as
materials
management
and
is
illustrated
in
figure
1-1.
For
firms
with
very
heavy
flows
into
the
production
process,
materials
management
and
logistics
may
be
synonymous.
For
example,
Airbus
Industries
produces
an
A-340
airliner
in
France
for
Singapore
Airlines
(SIA).
Once
the
aircraft
is
finished, SIA
sends a
crew
to Toulouse
and
flies the plane away.
The logistics effort is not complete at this
point, however. Rather, for
firms like
Airbus, post-production emphasis is on after-sales
service and support as opposed
to
product delivery.
然而，
对于不同的机构
组织物流管理有不同的含义。
一些公司更关注产生利益；
这
意味着，他们的管理关注原材料流入生产的过程更胜于关注将最终
产品分配给消费者。
5
原材料和零部件的来源和管理通常称为材料管理，如图
1-1
所示。对于这类公司来讲
有大量的原材
料和零部件流入生产过程，
物流和材料管理是相同意思。
举例来
说，
空中
客车公司为新加坡航空公司
(
SIA)
在法国生产一架——
340
客机。
飞机一旦完工，
SIA
公司送
机组成员到土鲁斯将飞机开走。
然而，
在这个情况下，物流管理
不是完全的。
对
于像空中客车这类公司，生产后期更强调的是售
后服务和支持上而不是产品的配送上。
[Para12]
Alternatively,
some
companies
experience
greater
management
challenges
once the product
is finished. In other words, they are much more
concerned with the flow of
finished
goods from the end of the production line to the
customer. Depicted in figure 1-2,
logistics in this situation is
sometimes referred to as physical distribution and
is a perspective
in many consumer goods
manufacturing firms.
另一方面，
一些
公司在产品完工后就面临巨大的管理挑战。
换句话说，
他们更关
注
产成品从最终生产线流向消费者这个过程。
如图
1
－
2
所示，
在这情况下物流被认为是配
送管理，在许多消费品制造企业都持这个观点。<
/p>
[Para13]
Finally, some firms view logistics as
embracing both materials management
and
physical distribution. These organizations look at
logistics as a way to manage the entire
process
of
customer
satisfaction,
from
sourcing
the
necessary
parts
and
material
through
production
of
the
benefit
to
its
delivery
to
the
final
user.
Indeed,
it
is
this
approach
that
enables management to
exploit the full potential of the logistics
process.
最后，
一些公司认为物流管理包含材料管理
和配送管理。
这些机构认为物流是对消
费者满意的全程管理途径
，
从采购必需的零部件和原材料到生产到将产品配送给最终消
6
费者这整个过程。确实，正是这
种方法使管理能开发物流过程的全部潜能。
[Para14]
As
shown
in
figure
1-3,
this
broader
view
of
logistics
integrates
materials
management and
physical distribution tasks into a single supply
chain that links the customer
with all
aspects of the firm. Viewing internal operations
this way keeps seemingly disparate
and
historically separated activities focused on the
common objective: to produce and deliver
some
benefit
or
benefits
to
the
customer
in
a
way
that
offers
greater
value
than
can
be
obtained from a competitor. In other
words, this comprehensive view of logistics,
sometimes
referred
to
as
supply
chain
management,
can
lead
to
lower
costs
and/or
better
service
that
enhance the value
received by the buyer.
如图
1
－
3
所示，这种广义的物流概念将材料管理
和物资配送融入单一的供应链，
它将消费者和公司的各方面联系起来。
< br>从内部操作上看，
这个方法使得表面上和传统上
分开的活
动关注共同一个目标：
在一定程度上生产并传递比客户从单一竞争者处所能获
得价值更大的价值给消费者。
换句话说，
这种综合
的物流管理观念，
有时就是指供应链
管理，它导致降低成本或提
供更好的服务，这种服务提高价值。
Evolution
of the Logistics Management Concept
物流管理概念的演变
[Para15]
In
conclusion
，
logistics
Management Concept has evolved over the last three
decades from the narrowly defined
distribution management to the integrated
management of
the global supply chains.
总的来说，
在过去三十年物流管理观念已经从狭窄的配送管理发
展到全球供应链的
7
综合管理。
[Para16]
Physical
distribution
:
The
first
phase
of
the
logistics
management
concept
began
during
the
1960s
to
replace
the
fragmented
management
by
physical
distribution
management.
Physical
distribution
was
intended
to
mean
broad
range
of
activities
associated with efficient movement of
finished products from the end of the production
line
to
the
consumers”.
Its
main
focus
is
on
the
rationalization
of
the
relationship
between
the
firm
and
its
customers.
Physical
distribution
thus
includes
functions
like
delivery,
warehousing, material handling,
protective packaging, and customer services.
实物分配
:
物流管理观念的第一阶段
开始于
20
世纪
60
< br>年代，在此期间开始实物分
配管理代替了片断管理。
<
/p>
实物分配意指“产成品从最终生产线有效的传递给消费者的
各种活
动”
。
它主要关注公司和消费者之间的合理关系。
实物分拨包含配送。
存储、加
工、包装和客户服务等功能。
[Para17]
Physical
distribution
approach
has
gained
wide
acceptance
among
various
manufacturers and
distributors, but the limitation of the physical
distribution approach soon
became
obvious since it did not address the cost
containment issue of the raw material and
working - process inventory (which
account for, in average, 60 percent of the total
material
inventory).
实物分配的方法
得到了不同生产商和供应商的广泛认可，
但由于它没有考虑原材料
和生产过程中存货的成本
（而这部分存货平均占材料库存的
6
0
％）
，
因此它的局限性也
很快表现出来。
[Para18]
Internally
integrated
logistics
:
Logistics
management
has
experienced
the
second
transition
in
1980s.
The
experience
during
1960s
and
1970s
suggested
that
the
physical
distribution
function
should
be
integrated
with
pre-production
activities
such
as
material
sourcing and work-in-process inventory to form a
total material flow management.
企业综合物流管理
:
在
20
世纪
80
年代物流管理
管理经历第二个转变。
60
年代和
70
年代的经验是：
实物分配的功能应该将生产前的活动如材料采购和生产中存货整合
形成完全的物料流程管理。
[Para19]
Material flow was
thought to be a process that involved horizontal
movement
of
inventory
from
the
time
the
raw
material
was
delivered
until
the
time
when
an account
receivable was recorded by
the firm (a sale made and the product
shipped). Emphasis was
shifted
from
the
minimization
of
the
level
of
inventory
to
the
speed
of
processing
(e.g.
inventory velocity). These logistics
management techniques were primarily conceived at
the
level of individual firms, but it
has little impact on the improvement in the
overall efficiency
of the national
economy.
物料流被认为是一个过程，包含从原材料的运输直到公司收到并做账
的平行运动
（销售和产品运输）
，
关注
的重点从使存货水平最低转移到存货处理速度
（如存货周转
率）
。
物流管理的这些技术最初是从单个公司层面上考虑的，
但它对促进整个国家的经
8
济发展没有什么影响。
[Para20]
Externally
integrated
logistics:
This
integrated
logistics
management
approach has made
the third evolution in early 1990s and beyond. It
has extended the concept
beyond one
firm to all firms involved in the whole supply
chain, outsourcing the internally
supplied
materials
and
products
to
external
suppliers.
This
extended
view
of
enterprises
offered
firms
an
opportunity
to
view
the
relationship
with
vendors,
suppliers;
third
party
logistics support agents and customers
in a different way, each forming a part of the
channel.
Participants in the channel
gain competitive advantage through improving the
overall channel
efficiency by reducing
risk and effectively leveraging the corporate
resources of each channel
member.
Coupled
with
the
recent
development
of
electronic
data
interchange
(EDI),
this
approach began to bring about a broader
impact on macro economic efficiency.
社会
综合物流管理：
在
90
年代早期甚至更
早，
这种综合物流管理方法带来了第三次
变革。
它将物流的概念从一个公司扩展到整个供应链的所有公司，
将内部供应的材料和
产品外包给外部供应商。这个扩大的视野为公司提供一个考察卖主和供应商关系的机
会；
第三方物流以另一种方式服务代理商和消费者，
他们都是这个链上组成部分。
这条
链上的参与者通过以
降低风险和链上每一位成员的共同资源的有力支持来改善整条链
的效率从而获得具有竞争
力的优势。
随着近来电子数据交换技术的发展，
这个方法为宏<
/p>
观经济的效率带来显著的影响。
[Para21]
Global
supply
chain
management
:
The
fourth
evolution
has
taken
place
in
the
form
of
the
global
logistics
management,
which
has
been
applied
by
MNCs.
With
declining
profit
margin
in
the
domestic
market
and
in
face
of
need
of
continued
business
expansion, these
corporations are seeking new worldwide markets on
an unprecedented scale.
Global
marketing
and
sale
initiatives
are
the
trend
toward
which
MNCs
are
increasing
gearing
up.
This
trend
for
internationalization,
in
turn,
requires
much
more
sophisticated
management
techniques
over
the
entire
process
of
the
commodity
movement
from
the
countries
of
origins
to
the
countries
of
destinations.
Moving
a
wide
variety
of
products
around the world 24 hours a day, 365
days a year require logistics management
techniques
significantly
different
from
those
developed
for
domestic
markets.
Closely
linkage
of
all
players
in
the
global
supply
chains
requires
the
logistics
management
underpinned
by
the
international EDI system. This
globalization of business activities is a major
factor reshaping
the international
trading activities to which all countries are
required to adjust by adapting
their
institutional frameworks.
全球供应链管理：
第四次演变是以全球物流管理的形式出现，
这种全球物流管理方
式在跨国公司中采用。
随着国内市场边际利润的减少并且面临继续商业扩充
的需要，
这
些公司以空前的规模寻求新的世界范围的市场。
对于快速增加的跨国公司，
全球市场和
主动
销售是一个趋势。
国际化的趋势，
要求在产品从最初的国家流向
最终国家的全过程
中需要更加复杂的管理技术。
不同于在国内市
场的发展，
一天
24
小时，
一年
365
天
9
在全球范围内流动产品更加需要
物流管理技术。
全球供应链上紧密联系的所有合作伙伴
需要国际
EDI
系统来支持物流管理。
这一全球化的商业活动是重新改造国际贸易活动
主要因素，所有国家
都需要调整以适应他们的制度结构。
PART II
Components of a
Logistics System
第二部分
物流系统的组成部分
[Para1]
A logistics system
can be made up of many different functional
activities, some
of which are described
briefly below
:
一个物流管理系统能由许多不同的功能活动组成
,
其中一些可以简短地描述如下：
[Para2]
Customer
service
is
a
multi-dimensional
and
very
important
part
of
any
organization’s logistics effort. In a
broad sense, it is the output of the entire
logistics effort;
that is, customer
service and some resulting level of satisfaction
are what the logistics system
ultimately
provides
the
buyer.
However,
many
organizations
do
have
a
more
narrow
functional view of
customer service as something they actually
perform. For example, a firm
may
have
a
customer
service
department
or
customer
service
employees
that
handle
complaints, special orders, damage
claims, returns, billing problems, etc. For all
intents and
purposes, these employees
are
the organization as far
as many buyers are concerned, so their
role in the overall logistics system
becomes crucial. Disappointment at this level can
lead to
dissatisfaction with the
organization as a whole that effectively
neutralizes the entire logistics
effort.
客户服务是多方面，对不同公司物流管理来说
都是重要组成部分。从广义上看，
它是整个物流的努力产物，
也
就是说，
客户服务和满意程度正是物流系统最终提供给消
费者。
然而，在实际运作中，许多公司从狭隘的功能角度理解客户服务。举例来说，一
个公司可
能有一个客户服务部门或者从事客户服务的员工，他们处理投诉、特殊订单、
损害赔偿、
返回、清单问题，等等。对于所有的意图和目的，几乎所有的客户认为这些
员工就代表公
司，
因此他们在物流系统中的作用是至关重要的。
这层面的不满
将导致对
整个公司的不满，从而否定了整个物流管理的努力。
[Para3]
Inventory
management
deals
with
balancing
the
cost
of
maintaining
additional
products
on
hand
against
the
risk
of
not
having
those
items
when
the
customer
wants them (i.e. the cost of lost
sales). This task has become more complex as firms
have
gradually lowered inventory
levels. The challenge in this situation is to
manage the rest of the
logistics
system
to
accommodate
the
lack
of
inventory
so
that
customer
service
does
not
suffer. However, all of the interest in
reducing inventories notwithstanding, the fact
remains
that they are still necessary
for serving customers in many markets. So managers
must decide
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