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第十单元
1 The features
of dictionary
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary
English (LDCE)
朗文当代英语词典
<1>clear grammar codes<2>usage
notes<3>language notes
2 Collins
COBUILD English Language Dictionary
(CCELD)
科林斯合作英语词典
<1>Definition
（定义）
, the
definitions in this dictionary are all in full
sentences.
<2>Extra
column
（额外专栏）
, the use of
extra column to deal with grammar information.
<3>Usage
examples
（用法举例）
, in this
dictionary, almost every meaning of a word has an
example to show its meaning and usage,
most in sentence form.
Chinese-English
Dictionary(CED)
汉英词典
<1>A large number of newly created
words
<2>Revised some old
entries
<3>Keeps the previous
alphabetical order of entries
<4>Boasts
of the quality of the English equivalents it
provides for its Chinese items
第九单元
1 What are
the characteristics of Idioms?
1). Semantic unity(
语义的整体性
)
：
being phrases or
sentences, idioms each consists of mora
than one word, but each is a semantic
unity.
例子
Bee in one
’
s
bonnet
想入非非
，
know the
ropes
内行
2). Structural
stability(
结构的稳定性
): Unlike
free phrases, the structure of an idiom is to a
large
extent
unchangeable.
First,
the
constituents
of
idioms
can
not
be
replaced.
Secondly,
the
word order can not be inverted or
changed. Thirdly, the constituents of an idiom can
not be deleted
or
added
to,
not
even
an
article.
Finally,
many
idioms
are
grammatically
unanalysable.<
/p>
例子
Diamond cut
diamond,
势均力敌，
like cures
like
以毒攻毒
2 Use of
idioms
<1>which are idioms
<2>understand them correctly in actual
context
<3>use them properly in
production
3
一堆修辞
Figures of
speech
<1>Alliteration
（押头韵）
<2>Rhyme
（押尾韵）
<3>Reiteration
(duplication of synonyms)
同
义<
/p>
词
重叠
<4>Repetition
重
复
<5>Juxtaposition
(of
antonyms)
并
列
<6>Simile
（
< br>明
喻
）
<7>Metaphor
隐
喻
<8>
Metonymy
转
喻
<9>Syne
cdoche
提
喻
<10>Perso
nification
拟
人
<11>E
uphemism
委婉
4
Variations
of
Idi
om
变形变体（
Replacement
替换
Addition
or
de
letion
增减词
Position
shifting
位置互换
Shortening
缩减
Dismembering
支解）
第八单元
1The
role of context
<1>Elimination of
ambiguity
消除歧义
polysemy
多义词
He is a hard businessman
[he
is a hardworking businessman or he is a hard
businessman to deal with]
John ran the
egg-and-spoon race.[we have no way to determine
whether John
“
participated
”
in the race or
“
organized
”
< br>
the race as the word run can mean
both.]
John ran the egg-and-spoon race
and got second place.[John took part in the race
personally
because he got second
place.]
Homonymy
同型同音异义
They saw her
duck.[duck
—
n.
“
a kind of
poultry
”
or as a
verb meaning
“
lower
one
’
s head
or
body
quickly,
dodge
(
忽地低下头
(
或弯腰
)
，躲避
).Both
fit
in
the
syntactic
structure
of
the
sentence .]
The ball was
attractive.[ ball may mean a
“
a round object to play in a
game
”
as well as
a
“
dancing
party
”
. ]
The
fish is ready to eat[the fish is cooked or served,
so ready for people to the fish is
ready to eat things.]
I like
mary better than jean[ i like mary better than i
like i like mary better jean likes
mary.]
<2>Indication of
referents
限定所指
<3>
Provision of clues for inference of word meaning
提供线索【
P157
】
2
如何为理据提供线索
Definition
下定义
Explana
tion
解释
Exemplification
例证
Synonymy
同义
Antonymy
反义
词
Hypony
my
上下关系
Relevant
details
相关细节
Word
structure
课后题【
P160
，
3
】
第七单元
1Types of
Changes
extension
词义的扩大
,
narrowing
词义的缩小
,degradation
降格
,
elevation
升华
,
and
transfer
转移
.
2Causes of Changes
Linguistic Factors
（语言因素）
and Extra-linguistic
Factors
（非语言因素）
第六单元
1 Two
Approaches to Polysemy
一词多义
Diachronic (
历时的）
Synchronically
（共时地）
2 Two Processes of Development
Radiation(
辐射型）
Concaten
ation(
连锁型）
3Types
of Homonyms
perfect homonyms ,
homographs
拼写同
and
homophones
音同
Homophones
constitute the
largest number and are
most common
4Origins of Homonyms
<1>Change in sound and spelling
long
a not short , from lang.
long
to want very much ,
from
langian
<2>borrow
ing
fair
a
market .
Borrowed
from
feria .
fair
pretty
,
from
f?ger
<3>shortening
ad
shortened
from advertisement
add
to cause an increase
5. Try to point out the main sources of
synonyms
（同义词）
.
1). Borrowing. The most important
source is perhaps borrowing.
2).
Dialects and regional English.
3).
Figurative and euphemistic use of words.
4). Coincidence with idiomatic
expressions.
6.
What
’
s the fundamental
difference between the processes of
radiation
（辐射型）
and
concatenation
（连锁型）
? Illustrate your point.
答：
Radiation describes a
process where each of the derived meaning is
directly connected to
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