-
全球化的缺点：
?
经济上，发展中国家的劳动力被剥削，资源被取用，而产品却不能够进人发达国家，国内
产业受到外商和外企
的冲击；
?社会
上，外国的产品流人一个国家，会改变人们的生活习惯和购买习惯；年轻人比较喜欢外同产品，
< br>比如说食品、衣服、电子产品和娱乐方式；
?
文化上，本土文化会被削弱，本土
语言会受到威胁，文化多样性会逐步损失；
?
环境上，工业化生产和交通量的加
大会增加温室气体的排放；游人的增多会对自然环境构成威胁。
练习
5
Topic 1:
Increasing travels between countries enable people
to learn different
cultures or to
increase tension between people from different
countries?
外来人口的增加有利于文化的交流：
?
游客或者移民都具备经济利益和价
值
（
commercial interest and
economic value)
；
而外同人的停留时间是和东道
国的合作密切相关的
（
The length of stay depends on the cooperation of the host society.);
很多当地人
因此表现得非常
好客和友好，这有助于文化的交流（
Many
local people are very friendly and hospitable,
which promote the cultural
communications.)
；
?
对其他的文化和人民更为了解（
a better
understanding of other cultures and other peoples)
,
改变人们对其他民族和
文化的态度
（
alter one's attitudes towards another
people or culture);
人们因此可以接受不同的文化和价值观
（
embrace
different
values
and
cultur
es),
可以和平共处（
create
motivation
to
coexist
peacefully),
并促进对
多元文化的理解
(promote multi-cultural
understanding)
；
?
促进文化的融合（
promote
integration),
消除文化障碍（
remove
cultural barriers),
外来人口的增加导致冲突：
?
违反当地的习俗会激怒当地人（
breach of
local customs can irritate the locals);
?
不同文化的人看待同一事物总有不同的角度（
harbour
different
perceptions),
并给予不同的解释
(different
int
erpretations)
，比如对手势、衣服、言行举止有不同的理解；举止不当会
引起当地人意想不到的反应
(provoke
unanticipated
responses);
?外国游客增多会对当地环境造成压力，甚至破坏环境，而移民增多可能导致工作机会
减少，致使竞争更加激烈，这些都有可能引起当地人的反感（
caus
e resentment in local communities).
范文
Globalization
is a catch-all term that refers to any activity
that involves more than one country, for example,
travel from
one country to another. The
dramatic increase in transnational travel in
recent years has sparked controversy over the
potential impacts of this trend on
individual countriesf especially those new member
states of globalization. Some people
are
concerned
that
the
upsurge
in
new
arrivals
will
prompt
local
hostility
against
visitors
instead
of
promoting
their
understanding on
mutual cultural background. This notion should be
rejected as one can see many facts in favor of
this
development between countries.
The first reason why
international travels would never bring conflict
is rooted in the fact that both visitors and
locals are
economically
motivated.
International
travel
opens
up
opportunities
for
business
development
throughout
the
world.
Entrepreneurs are
interested not only in the domestic market but
also in the oversea market. Foreigners should
learn the
culture
of
a
country
before
winning
over
the
local
people.
In
turn,
locals
should
show
their
hospitality
to
visitors
in
exchange for their trust. They share a
view that acceptance of each other's cultural
background is a necessary condition
for
cooperation.
1
Understanding
a
culture
has
other
implications.
Differences
in
social
background,
cultural
values
and
religious
belief
might make the discrepancy of
foreigners and local inhabitants on some issues
indelible; however, the higher interaction,
the higher level of communication and
understanding. Arabians, for example, used to
consider westerners as their foes.
Now
they have concrete relations with their western
allies in many fields. In the initial stage, their
divergence seemed
inherent but over
time, with better mutual understanding, they take
the same position on many issues.
Undeniably, it is likely that in some
resorts, foreign visitors repel the local
community with their scant regard for the
local environment and conventions when
they first arrive. However, it should be noted
that most offense is accidental,
rather
than intentional. Instead, visitors disobey rules
and conventions simply because they have no
knowledge of them.
This situation is
expected to be improved with the passing of time
when visitors from different countries increase
their
knowledge of a local culture.
According to the above
analysis, we can observe that the increase in the
international travel should not be taken as the
cause of any conflict that arises
between two countries. Alternatively, one should
recognize its role in improving mutual
understanding between two countries.
近义词表
1. catch-all = all-
embracing:
包罗甚广的
；包括一切的
2. hostility=enmity=resentment:
< br>敌意
,
怨
'
恨
,
愤恨
3. rooted in=derived from=based
on:
基于
4. entrepreneur
=tycoon=mogul=industrialist:
企业家，
实业家
5. discrepancy=disag
reement=difference=divergence:
分歧，矛盾
6.
foe=enemy=rival:
敌人，竟争对手
7. concrete=tangible=solid:
具
体的，实际的
8. overtime=in due
course=sooner or later:
最终，早
9.
resort:
胜地；
tourist
resort:
旅游胜地；
holiday
resort
：度假胜地；
beach
resort:
海边度假胜地；
scenic
spot:
景观；
place of interest:
旅游景点
10.
repel=revolt=repulse:
使厌恶，憎恶
11.
scant=limited=scarce:
缺乏的，不足的
练习
5
Topic2: When
international media (including movies, fashion
shows,
advertisements and
other
TV
programs)
convey
the
same
messages
to
the
global
audience,
people
argue
that
the
expansion
of
international media has negative
impacts on cultural diversity. What
is
your opinion?
媒体信息一致的缺点：
?
国际媒体（
global
media
)
—般掌握在少数几个有实力的机构手中（
in
the
hands
of
a
few,
large,
powerful
organizations)
；有了媒体的宣传
(propaganda)
后<
/p>
,
西方文化成了主流
(domineer
ing force),
大规模的、有吸引力的广告
(mass
seductive
advertising
)
唤起了落后地区人们对物质
新的向往（
create
fresh
desires),
经济联系增强（
s
trong
economic
ties),
西方产品取代了本地产
品，使人们更加向往西方的文化；
?
文化开始融合在一起
(mingle),
人们被新的价值观所围绕
(bo
mbarded
with
new
values)
，对自
己的文化失去信心
2
和自豪感（
confidence and
pride),
拒绝接受自己的文化传统（
rejection
of their cultural heritage)
转而接受西方的文化
习惯（
adoption of Western cultural
practices);
西方
媒体削弱了民族的特征
(ethnic
identity)
和社会的凝聚力（
social
cohesion);
因为担心失去观众
(a loss of viewers),
当地的电视台也开
始播放西方的电视节目（
television shows),
?
国际媒体的普遍会降低世界文化的
品质和多样性（
degrade the quality and
diversity of world culture);
文化被商业
化
（
commercialized),
—些文化产品
（
cultural g
oods),
如音乐、
服装，
都
变成了商品
（
commodities
in the marketplace)
。
因此，即便一些文
化在世界其他地方传播，它原
来的性质（
authenticity)
已经丧失。
媒体信息一致的优点：
?
国家之间的频繁交往会促进文化之
间的交流。因此，相互了解和相互认同的可能性
(likelihood
of
mutual
understanding and
mutual acceptance
)
就会增加，这是顺应全球化的趋势；
?
未必一定放弃传统观念（
not necessarily
lead to the abolition of traditional
values),
事实上媒体
可以起到宣传和稳
固传统文化的作用；
?
主流媒体一般都会反应文化多元性
（
The dominant media reflect
cultural diversity.);
—些外国
节目其实促进了文
化多元性
(Most
foreign programming is promoting cultural
diversity.),
适应
了当地的条件（
adapt to local condit
ions)
，
注意到了当地文化的敏感性（
aware of cultural sensitivity).
自我调节来适
应市场
(exercise self-censorship to suit
the
market :)
。
范文
As
international
media
companies
expand
across
the
world,
the
growing
popularity
and
uniformity
of
some
media
programs (such as TV shows, movies,
fashion shows) is causing worldwide concern. Many
people have strong views
toward this
trend. In my opinion, international media is
closely linked to cultural globalization and
cultural homogeneity.
The
dominance of international media is a sign of
Western cultural imperialism and has the potential
to thwart cultural
diversity. It is not
a secret that international media is owned and
operated by a handful of giant corporations, such
as
Time Warner. They control large
sectors of the media market and place national
media companies at risk. The contraction
in the number of media owners will
cause a proportional reduction, in the variety of
programs broadcasted. For example,
painting,
music
and
movies
accessible
in
the
media
have
a
small
number
of
genres,
imposing
restraints
on
one's
knowledge of artworks
of different cultural backgrounds.
In addition to seizing control over
those creative industries, global entertainment
companies affect cultural diversity by
reshaping the perceptions, beliefs and
norms of ordinary citizens in different countries.
Most of the cultural values and
ideals
promoted
by
the
leading
mainstream
media
are
of
American
origin.
American
culture
values
individuality,
maximization
of
one's
benefits
and
material
wealth,
rather
than
communal
life
and
family
solidarity,
the
values
and
norms
previously treasured in
causing
the
alteration
of
their
perceptions
of
family.
This
radical
change
can
be
attributed
to
those
movies
and
TV
programs
that portray the success of American individuals
or corporations.
The
loss
of
media
diversity
is
also
responsible
for
people's
narrow
sense
of
ways
of
life.
The
ruling
class
of
many
countries speaks
English, favors Western food, wears Western-style
jackets and even prefers Western weddings. Young
people are captivated by American
basketball and some even daubing the names of NBA
stars on their school sweatsuits.
All
these transformations in life are the result of
the audience's exposure to Hollywood movies, TV
shows and sports
reports. The loss of
media diversity will lead to degradation of
culture and to a minimization of cultural
diversity. It is a
worrying trend, as
people need cultural diversity to preserve and
pass on their valuable heritage to future
generations,
including lifestyle.
As shown above,
international media, controlled by a handful of
transnational media corporations, is exporting
Western
culture worldwide and putting
many indigenous cultures at the risk of
extinction. The uniformity of media programs has
3
led to that of
artworks, norms and ways of life wherever
international media goes.
近义词表
1. dominance
=domination=power:
统治，力量
2. sign=symbol=
mark=signal=indication
：标志，象征
3. thwart=prevent=spoil=ruin:
阻止，破坏
4. a handful of=a
small number of:
少数的
5.
contraction-reduction
：减少
6. proportional=relative
：相对的
，成比例的
7.
perception=view=opinion:
看法
8. ideal=value=belief=principle:
观点，观念；标准
9.
solidarity=unity=harmony=cohesion:
团结
10. be captivated by=be
obsessed with=be passionate about=be addicted
to=be keen on=be enthusiastic
about:
被…所吸
引
11. pass
on=give=impart=convey:
传递，灌输
Topic
3:
There
is
a
disagreement
on
the
impact
of
increased
business
and
culture
contact
between
countries on a country's identity. What
is your opinion?
商业和文化的接触增多会导致一个国家特征的丧失：
?
影响文化：
文化不是静态的，
而是动态的
（
no
t static, but dynamic)
；
—种文化的
改变主要是由
于社会环境
(social
envi
ronment)
发生了变化。
比如说，
人们的饮食习惯发生了改变，
这是学习
夕卜界文化的结果
(People's eating
habits
have been changed as the result
of learned behaviour.)
；
快餐文化源自美国，
有些人将此作为财富的象征
(symbols of
wealth),
从而喜欢快餐；另
外，
本地的饮食文化会改变，以适应外国人的口味（
suit
the tastes of visitors);
?
<
/p>
影响生活方式：
进口商品的增多，对外国产品的喜好
（
preference for
imports);
人们更加熟悉
他
国的文化，
而忘
记自身的特点（
sen
se of
identity)
，社会的团结也有所损害（
an
erosion of social solidarity);
服装、饮食、娱乐等
等
都被两化了
（
westernized),
比如说，西装现在是流行
的男性服装
(the suit is the most
popular outfit for men)
；
?
欠发达国家在技术革新中起到的作用甚微
(play a
small role in the technological
revolution),
所
以需要
出卖
自己
国家的主权或者利益来获得国际的帮助
（
c
oncede sovereignty and interests to other
countries for aid)
；
贫富差距加大
(widening gap between the richest and
poorest parts of the world)
；
?
接受西方文化的
< br>人们成为一个
国家新的统治阶级（
new
ruling
class);
人们摒
弃
传统的观念
(renounce
traditionally-held beliefs),
觉得传统观念是过时的和低人一等的（
outdated and inferior)
;
主流文化会取代老式的和各
种各样的文化（
< br>A dominant culture takes over diverse cultures.),
人们不再尊重传统文化（
lose
respect older
cultures),
而传统观念最终成为历史
{consigned to
history)
。
商业和文化的接触增多会加强一个国家的特征：
?
外来文化让人们意识到自己文化的
特点，从而更加注意维持这种文化；
?
一种特殊文化会引起世界的关注，
人们会更加注意保护。
范文
One of the
most conspicuous trends in the 21st century is a
closer connection between countries, in both
economic and
cultural aspects. There is
a widespread worry that this will lead to
the gradual demise of countries’
identities
. This issue
should be viewed and analyzed from
multiple perspectives.
When
a
country
tends
to
develop
a
closer
relationship
with
the
rest
of
the
world,
it
does
not
necessarily
give
up
its
culture.
Culture is not a disgrace to but an asset of a
country. An indigenous culture can distinguish one
country from
others, attracting foreign
visitors and yielding high income. As most
tourists travel abroad for learning different
cultures
and
sampling
different
ways
of
life,
such
as
Beijing
opera
in
China,
Japanese
tea
culture
and
Thai
temples,
many
countries have
responded with protecting and preserving their
cultural identities, in an effort to keep
themselves in the
list
of
the
most
popular
destinations.
Increased
tourism
instills
fresh
life
force
into
these
countries,
aiding
the
conservation of their
features.
4
While
tourism
provides
a
driving
force
for
cultural
conversation,
some
components
of
a
culture,
such
as
traditions^
customs or
taboos might die out over time. It seems that in
some countries, the locals have become more
accustomed to
exotic cultures. It
reflects the combined effects of the invasion of
foreign cultures, either through media or through
direct
business
interaction.
For
example,
two
decades
ago,
sex
was
a
taboo
subject
in
China
and
most
Chinese
people
felt
embarrassed
to
talk
openly
about
it.
Over
time
the
Western
culture
has
permeated
into
the
Chinese
lifestyle,
and
the
Chinese people have
broken many of their time-honoured traditions. It
occurs in the rest of the world as well.
As outlined above,
increased interaction between countries in the
domains of business and culture can either
strengthen
or undermine the identities
of countries involved, To date there is no
definite answer to this question.
近义词表
1.
conspicuous-noticeable=prominent=striking:
< br>显箸的，突出的
2.
connection=linkage=
relation=relationship:
关系，联系
3. demise=disappearance=van
ishing=fading:
消失，
死亡
4. multiple=manifold=numerous=variou
s=many:
不同的，很多的
5.
disgrace=dishonour=shame=humiliation:
耻辱
6. life
force=soul=essence
：生命力
7. conservation=protection=
preservation:
保存，保护
8. exotic=bizarre=outlandish=from
afar=mysteriously unusual:
外来的，奇异的
9. taboo=
offensive=embarrassing=unacceptable=disgraceful=di
shonourable=humiliating:
无礼的，侮辱性的；忌讳的
10. permeate=seep
into=pervade=leak into:
渗透
11. time-
honoured=age-old=long-established
：历史悠久的
12. intera
ction=interplay=communication=relationship:
相互作用
Topic
4: Some people believe that culture will be ruined
if it is used to earn tourism revenue, but others
consider
that
tourism
is
the
only
way
of
protecting
a
culture.
Discuss
both
sides
and
give
your
own
opinion.
旅游业有益文化保护（
cultural
preservation)
的论点：
?
除了自然景观（
< br>landscape)
之外，文化和历史是吸引旅游者去一个国家或者一个旅游景
点
(tourism
site)<
/p>
观光的
最主要原因（
motivator
);
旅游业和文化遗产相结合（
integrate
tourism
and
cultural
heritage)
为文化保护提供了经济
支持（
economic
incentives
）
；
?
在文化领域提供一些旅游选择
(introduce the
tourism options available with the cultural
sectors)
，
如博物馆、历史
景点、美食等（
including
museums,
historical
sites,
events
and
cuisine),
游客会深人了解当地传统和习俗（
get
an
insight into local
customs and
traditions),
感受当地传
统和艺术（
experience local
traditions, arts and heritage),
从而更
加尊重当地社区和周围的环境
(respect
the
host
community
and
its
environment),
促进不同国家之间关于自然和文<
/p>
化资源保护的交流与对话
(the dialogue over
conservation of natural and cultural resources )0
一
旅游业导致文化破坏
cultural
destruction )
的观点：
?
保护的一般是食物、
时尚、
节日等
（
prese
rve food, fashion, festivals and so
forth
）
—些文化的表
面一，
征
（
super
ficial
elements of a
culture
）
,
；
|
各文化定格成表演者（
freeze
culture as performers
）
,
导致了文化、宗教、传统仪式、
物质文化和语言的损失（
the
loss
of
culture,
religion,
rituals,
material
culture
and
langu
age
）
；将文化商业化
5
(commercialize the
culture),
破坏了文化神圣和
独特的本质
(erode the sacred and
unique nature)
；虽然很多活动是娱
乐活动（<
/p>
entertain, rather than educate tourists)
,
但有些是对当地人的一种羞辱
(humiliate the
local people)
；
?
垃圾、涂鸦、破坏和噪音不断增加（
increasing
litter, graffiti, vandalism and
noise)
，游客在没有
被允许的
情况下
进人建筑物、
神殿、
神圣的土地
（
enter buildings, shrines or
sacred lands without permission).
这都与当地文
化相冲突，
是一种文化侮辱（
an insult to
the local culture )
范文
There is
little room for doubt that tourism is one of the
fastest-growing industries in the world. However,
its impact on
culture remains a source
of constant debate. This essay will elaborate on
both positive and negative effects of tourism
from a cultural perspective.
Providing economic
incentives for cultural preservation is unarguably
one of the main contributions of tourism. To many
tourists, culture and history are what
they first consider when choosing a destination.
Their mindset has been recognised
by
many tourism sites and money has been subsequently
directed toward cultural protection, including the
maintenance
of key historical sites.
Tourism is therefore one of the primary forces
contributing to the preservation of a culture.
In addition to raising
financing, tourism can make an indigenous culture
known to the world and rally support worldwide
to
protect
it.
When
a
historic
site
or
a
site
that
shows
a
country's
cultural
heritage
is
made
accessible
to
the
public,
visitors
from
all
over
the
world
will
soon
flock
there.
They
will
share
their
experience
in
the
local
culture
with
their
friends and families
once they return home, assisting this site to gain
international fame. Both financial and
technological
support will flood in for
the conservation of natural and cultural
resources.
On the negative
side, tourism develops sometimes at the expense of
part of culture. Food, festivals, costumes and
other
stimulating
elements
of
a
culture
are
highlighted
to
entertain
tourists,
constituting
an
insult
to
the
locals
and
causing
damage
to
the
unique
nature
of
a
culture.
Moreover,
cultural
commercialization
has
made
the
sacred
elements
of
a
culture commonplace and tourists are
encouraged to attach little importance to a unique
tradition, which cannot be found
elsewhere.
In
the light of these facts, one can conclude that
tourism is neither a boon nor a bane to cultural
preservation. While its
endeavour lo
protect an indigenous culture should be
recognized, it has put the integrity of a culture
at risk.
近义词表
1.
unarguably=
unquestionably =indisputably=undeniably:
无可置提地，无可否认地
2.
destination=site=place:
地点
3. maintenance=preservation=upholding=p
rotection:
保护，保存
4. indigenous=original=aboriginal
：本土的，原始的
5. fame=reputation=recogn
ition=eminence:
名气，名声
6. at the expense of=at the cost
of:
以牺牲…为前提
7.
entertain=amuse=keep somebody
amused:
使愉快
8.
insult=offence:
侮辱
9.
commonplace=ordinary:
平凡的
10. in the light of=in view
of=considering=taking into
account:
考虑到
11. e
ndeavour=effort=attempt:
努力，尝试
12.
integrity=entirety=unity:
完整性
13. put at risk=endanger=jeopardise:
危及，使…危险
政府投资
政府的投资主要有以下用途：
?
国防（
d
efense):
保护一个国家免受攻击或者其他威胁（
Pro
tect a country against attack or other
threats.)
；
?
保证法律和公共秩序的实施（
enforcement of
law and public
order)
以及政府的运作（
operation of
government)
；
6
?
社会保障（
social
security)
和医疗保健（
health care
systems)
；
?
福利
<
/p>
(welfare):
为那些不能够自给自足的人（
people
who
are
unable
to
support
themselves
alone)
提供经济援助
(financial assistance ),
包括退休和残疾人的福利
（
retirement and
disability benefits)
、
失业工人的福利
（
unemployment
ben
efits)
等；政府援助在这一方面是重要的，可以
减轻社会压力（
release the pressure
of society),
并最终帮助这些
人获得生存能力（<
/p>
gain the ability to
survive)
；
?
公共运输
(public
transportation)
和公共服务
(public
services)
。政府的资金主要来自于税收
(taxes
),
贷款
(government
b
orrowing)
或者国际援助
3
和
政府投
资相关的争执主要集中在关键行业（
essential
sectors)
和非紧要行业
（
non-essential sectors)
——前者是为了公众的
方便，
可以带来直接和明显的好处
（
i
mmediate and tangible
benefits),
包括教育
和医
疗保健；
而后者所带来的好处是间接的
（
indirect
benefits),
可以给人们带来情感上的快乐
(emotional
wellbeing),
包括娱乐
Topic 5: Millions of
dollars are spent on space research every year.
Some people argue that the money
should
be spent on improving living standards on Earth.
Do you agree or disagree?
支持太空探索的观点：
?
地球上的资源是有限的，
迟早会被消耗完
（
finite and ex
haustible
）
,
因此需要开拓
太空上的能源
(open energy and
material
resources
of
space
for
human
benefit)
；促进
经济增长
(support
economic
growth),
使商业更力口繁荣
(an
increase in business
activity);
?
人口增长导致地球承载压力加大
（
cause
the usable space to shrink)
，
因此太空探索有利于为人类找到一个新的居
住地（
find a
sanctuary)
；
?
有利于环境考察
< br>（
environmental monitoring),
有利于收集人类生存环境
（
living environ
ment)
的数据，
比如天气预
报（<
/p>
weather forecasting).,
环境保护和可持
续发展（
sustainable
development)
等相关数据；
?
提高一些产业的科学竞争力（
technological c
ompetitiveness),
特别在国际商业领域（
in
international business
；
),
创造人力资源和高级别的专业技术（
human
capital
and
high-
level
expertise);
可以增加年轻人对自然科
学的兴趣
(the interest of young
people in natural sciences)
反对太空探索的观点：
?
需要长期的努力和大量资金（
long-term
commitments
and
f
unding),
大部分国家支付不起
(unaffordable
to
most
countries)
，这
些资金应该用于解决些更实际的问题，比如饥荒
(famine)
等
5
?
很多项目收效甚微（
make little
progress),
甚至被证明是徒劳无益的（
taxing
and unrewarding )
。
范文
In
recent years, there have been more and more
countries involved and interested in long-term
space projects. Because of
the enormous
research expenditures incurred, the value of space
projects has been disputed. Some people suggest
that
government funding should be
diverted toward improving the living standard of
ordinary people. In evaluating the merits
of space ambition, one should adopt a
broader perspective. The investment in space
research can be paid off someday in
the
future.
The first reason to
support it is that our planet is now facing an
unprecedented resource problem, which can be
tackled
only by discovering and mining
new resources on other planets. The overuse or
scarcity of some resources on the Earth
is a severe problem. Rare metals, such
as gold or silver, will eventually be depleted, as
industrial production expands.
These
metals and other natural resources, although rare
on Earth, might abound on other planets. In that
case, conducting
space research is a
promising adventure.
Meanwhile, the world's population is
now growing to a stage where there are too many
people for the planet to support,
highlighting the need to seek land
suitable for people's resettlement off the planet.
Even if new urban developments are
7
able
to
accommodate
the
increasing
population,
water
and
electricity
supply,
waste
treatment,
sewage
disposal
and
sanitation
will
become
unmanageable
for
the
capacity
of
our
planet.
As
there
are
countless
planets
orbiting
stars
throughout the universe, one can be
confident that at least one of them is suitable
for our second home planet Mars, for
example, bearing a close resemblance to
the Earth, is considered a potential backup.
In addition to searching
for a shelter for future generations, space
programmes contribute considerably to the well-
being
of the Earth in some other
aspects. For example, by monitoring the ozone
hole, global warming, the loss of rain forests
and
other
environmental
threats
to
human
survival,
remote
sensing
satellites
help
people
trace
the
recovery
from
the
worst environmental
threats and thereby improve the quality of life.
Meanwhile, space research provides a new platform
on which scientists can carry out
experiments and make new discoveries in a variety
of fields, such as agriculture.
As
suggested
above,
in
locating
new
resources,
positioning
new
settlements,
addressing
environmental
concerns
and
facilitating scientific discovery,
space research will prove to be not only
worthwhile, but also crucial to the survival and
sustainability of human civilization.
近义词表
1. value =merit= worthiness
=worth:
价值
2.
divert=redirect=reroute=switch:
蜂令向，转用于<
/p>
3. overuse=overexploitation:
过分使用
4. abound=be
plentiful=thrive=flourish=:proliferate=grow in
great numbers:
大量存在
5. adventure=voyage=journey:
征途，旅行，旅程
6. re-settlement=relocation=immigration
:
迀居，搬迁
7. sewage=
sullage=waste water:
废水，排泄物
8.
unmanageable=uncontrollable=untruly;
不可控
制的
9. backup=candidate=repla
cement:
替代品，后备
10. recovery=healing=recupe
ration:
恢复
11.
platform=stage:
舞台
Topic 6: Space travel to
the Moon is often cited as one giant leap for
mankind. Yet some people argue
that
this achievement made little difference to our
daily lives. What is your opinion?
登月的重要性体现在三方面，科学（
science
)
、开发思维（
inspiration
}
和能源（
resources ):
?
科学调查：提供一个平台去观察宇宙
(observe the
universe)
如何结合人和机器探索行星表面
(combine efforts of
both
humans and machines in exploring a planetary
surface)
；
?
开发思维：
激发人们的想像力
（
trigger imaginatio
n),
敢于面对新领域的未知因素和挑战
(confronti
ng unknowns and
challenges on new
frontiers)
；用于探索月球的科技可以转为民用
(converted for civil
use)
，促进科技发展；
?
能源开发：
月球上有水存在
(Water exists in the dark
and cold regions near the poles of the
Moon.),
可以开发能源。
反对登月的可能意见：
?消耗资源和时间（
consume resources
and take
time)
，而没太大的效果（
benefits are
limited)
；
?分散政府和公众在一些更重要事情上的注意力（
distract the
government and the public from some more
significant
issues)
范文
The
idea
of
travelling
through
space,
even
living
and
working
on
other
planets,
has
fascinated
people
for
centuries.
Despite numerous setbacks and daunting
expenditures, travelling in the outer space has
never failed to attract people's
attention and provoke controversy.
Sixty years after the first Moon landing, people
question whether the feat, previously
thought of as a giant leap for mankind,
has substantially benefited people's lives. In my
opinion, landing on the Moon has
enormous relevance for the quality of
life, albeit not always explicit.
The first implication of Moon landing
is reflected in the likelihood of travelling on
other planets. Moon, as the object in
8
the outer space closet to
the Earth, can serve as a launch site for the
journeys to other planets. Having no atmosphere,
the
Moon
is
a
permanent
base
for
people
to
observe
the
universe
easily
and
provide
them
with
sufficient
evidence
they
require
for
decision
making
on
a
great
many
significant
issues,
which
are
likely
to
have
direct
impact
on
them.
For
example, one can learn more about the
treat of potentially hazardous objects that are
Likely to hit the Earth and destroy
our
civilization.
Another
remarkable
breakthrough
made
by
the
Moon
landing
is
that
it
reignites
people's
enthusiasm
in
the
natural
sciences. When today's youths become
increasingly interested in such subjects as
commerce, finance and business, space
exploration successfully attracts and
retains talents in space-related technologies.
These young minds are convinced that
travelling the unknown of the universe
is feasible
，
despite many challenges. They are
inspired to think for the future,
instead of being preoccupied with
contemporary issues only.
It should also be noted that the Moon
has water, the basic resource for people's
survival, and it abounds in solar energy, a
clean and readily obtainable resource.
It is also believed that minerals are plentiful
there to be exploited. Some day, if
people are forced to move off the
Earth, the Moon might be the best shelter.
Although people have not yet fully explored
this possibility at this stage,
preliminary investigation is imperative.
Based on the above-
mentioned facts, one can conclude that the Moon
landing greatly impacts on distant future,
although
its effect is not apparent for
the time being. The Moon is the eventual gateway
to other planets and potentially the place
of
residence
for
the
future
generations.
The
scientific
knowledge
and
economic
benefits
to
be
gained
by
building
a
sustainable Moon base are huge.
近义词表
1. feat=achievement=accomplishment
：成就
2. relevance=significance=importance=we
ight:
重要性
3.
explicit=overt:
明显的
4.
observe=watch=monitor:
观察
5. unravel=find an answer to=work
out:
揭开，解开
6. unknown=mysterious=unfamiliar;
神秘的，未知的
7. feasible=practicable=viable=practica
l=realistic:
可行的，实际的
8. obtainable=available=accessible:
可以获寻的，可以得到的
9.
preliminary=initial=
preceding:
最初的
;
初步的
10. imperativ
e=necessary=essential=critical=vital:
必要
的，关键的
11. for the time
being=for now=for the
moment:
现在，暂时
12.
gateway=entry=doorway=access:
入口
，通道
Topic 7: Some people argue
that the government should spend money on public
services and facilities,
but not on the
arts. Do you agree or disagree?
政府投资公共设施的原因：
?
符合公众的利益
(general
interest),
给人们带来方便；
?
一般来说，私人企业
(private sector)
不会对公共设施感兴趣，因此公共设施只能依靠政府投
资。而艺术作为人
们的爱好和文化传统
(cultu
ral
traditions),
会代代相传
(passed
on
from
one
generation
to
another),
因此不需要政府投
资。
政府投资艺术的原因：
?
艺木对现代生活是至关重要的（
essential
to
modern
life),<
/p>
对于一个文明社会有着非常重要的
作用（
central
to
a
civilized society),
艺术品传播的是语言所不能传播的东西
（
Works
of art convey the ineffable.)
，
是人们文化生活的主
要部分（
an integral
part of cultural life)
；
?艺术给人们提供了排解情绪的渠道
(provide
positive outlets),
比如看电影
和听音乐；
?艺术是一种民族文化，保护艺术有助于保护一种文化
(preserve a
culture);
艺术可以吸引外国
游客观
光
(attract
foreign tourists for
sightseeing),
产生旅游收入
(produce
tourism revenue)
；
?
一些艺术作品（
art
object
s),
譬如说雕塑和建筑（
sculpture
and
architecture),
使人们享受城市
或者郊区风景的美
9
丽
(enjoy the
beauty of urban or rural
landscape),
赏心悦目
(pleasing to
the eye)
，为生活增添情趣。
范文
The
role
of
arts
in
modern
life
is
unique,
providing
people
with
entertainment
and
yielding
various
psychological
rewards, such as relief from stress.
Despite these benefits, the arts have been taken
as luxury goods in many cases. It is
suggested that public money of a city
should be concentrated in projects like public
facilities, which arc more likely to
bring immediate benefits to the public,
rather than the arts. There are a number of facts
indicating that this position is
right.
Public facilities, widely
accepted as one of the main precursors to a city's
development, should be one of the highest
priorities.
Those
underdeveloped
cities
in
particular,
should
direct
sufficient
funding
toward
public
facilities.
While
municipal office buildings, courthouses
and post offices are essential components of
public services, libraries, hospitals,
parks, playing fields, gymnasiums and
swimming pools are available to the public for
social, educational, athletic and
cultural activities. By boosting
spending on public facilities, cities are more
capable to satisfy the needs of citizens and
improve their standard of living.
In addition to social
benefits, there are economic merits that public
facilities can offer to communities. An integrated
transport network (maritime, land and
inland waterways transport and civil aviation),
for example, promises the smooth
and
speedy movement of goods and people in a city.
Industrial products, as well as agricultural
produce of a city, can be
delivered
to
other
cities
in
exchange
for
steady
income.
Of
equal
importance
are
public
Internet
facilities.
Providing
access to
information by improving Internet and other
telecommunications facilities has relevance to the
ease with which
businesses in a city
receive, process, utilize and send information. It
is no exaggeration to say that entrepreneurs,
either
from
home
or
abroad,
will
first
examine
the
infrastructure
of
a
city
before
deciding
whether
to
pursue
business
opportunities
there.
The arts, by
comparison, although enabling people to see the
world and the human condition differently and to
see a truth
one might ignore before, do
not merit government spending. The first reason is
that the arts--- referring to music, film
and literature altogether--- are more
likely to attract the investment of the private
sector than public facilities. Business
people continue to invest in the arts
in the expectation of earning lump sum income and
the arts in return, continue to
flourish without the government
spending. Meanwhile, the arts are a key component
of a culture and naturally passed
down
from one generation to another. Unlike public
facilities, they require no money to survive.
It is therefore clear that
construction of public facilities should be given
the foremost consideration. The concern about
the
well-being
of
individual
citizens
and
that
of
a
city
is
more
acute
than
the
apprehension
about
the
survival
and
prospects of the arts, something that
businesses have a stake in.
近义词表
1. precursor
=forerunner=foundation:
先驱，基础
2. municipal=ur
ban=metropolitan:
城市的
3.
merit=value=advantage:
优点
4. integrate=am
algamate=combine=mix:
合成，综合
5. merit
=deserve=earn:
值得
6. flourish=thr
ive=burgeon=boom:
蓬勃发展
7. apprehension=anxiety=uneasiness=drea
d=fearfulness:
忧虑，担心
8. stake=involvement=
concern=interest=share:
兴趣，参与
Topic
8:
Some
people
argue
that
the
government
should
spend
money
only
on
medical
care
and
education but not on
theatres or sport stadiums. Do you agree or
disagree?
10
政府投资教育和医疗的好处：
?
教育可以帮助人们摆脱贫穷（
break the cycle
of poverty);
如果没有政府资助，穷人的孩子上
不起大学，那么他
们可能代代贫穷
(r
emain poor throughout their lifespan and even
across generations.)
；
?
教育可以提高一个人的工作能力（
improve
productivity),
从而提高一个国家的产出能力，对
国家的繁荣
(prosperity)
有着深远的影响（
have far-reaching
effects);
?
完善的医疗健康服务（
high quality and
availability of health
care)
可以赢得人们对国家的忠诚度
(win the loyalty),
使人们愿意在一个国家
生活和工作，以此留住有生产能力和技术的工作者
(productive and skilled workers)
；为残
疾人、退休者及贫穷的人提供帮助（
rende
r assistance to the disabled, retired and disadvan
taged)
；提高国民的健康
(improve
health)
；
?
体育设施和歌剧院有私人企业赞助
(privately
financed),
而且大部分时间只符合少数人的兴趣。政府投
资体育设
施或者歌剧院的好处：
?
满足人们的精神需求
（
spiritual needs),
丰富人们的
文化生活
（
enrich one's cultural l
ife),
是一个城市文明的标志
（
a
sign of a civilized city),
范文
Where public
money goes is an issue of broad interest to the
general public. Some people advocate that the
government
should fund the sectors that
bring tangible and immediate benefits to the
public, such as medical care and educational
systems,
while
opponents
suggest
that
those
large
urban
developments,
such
as
stadiums
and
theatres,
are
worth
government funding. In
my opinion, the possibility remains that the two
opinions can be reconciled and the government
can coordinate budgeting to meet the
needs of both.
Medical care
is essential to the economic and social well-being
of a country, particularly of an underdeveloped
country.
Both
empirical
knowledge
and
academic
research
suggest
that
making
education
available
throughout
a
country
and
eliminating illiteracy can pave the way
for economic development. By receiving education,
children from impoverished
families can
shake off poverty, climb high in the social ladder
and live better off. Education also allows
citizens to secure
employment
and
earn
regular
income,
thereby
maintaining
or
improving
their
standard
of
living.
For
a
country
as
a
whole, education is linked to skilled
workforce and to high productivity, affecting both
resource use and national output.
Government
interference
in
healthcare
and
medical
services
is
also
highly
recommended.
Availability
of
affordable
medical service is a mark of the social
and economic development of a country. By
providing the needy people with
medical
service, a country can inspire the loyalty of
citizens. People feel assured living and working
in a country where
they can be given
medical service when unemployed, sick, injured or
retired. By comparison, if they cannot afford the
high cost of visiting the clinic,
hospitalisation, or buying drugs, they are less
likely to enjoy their living. Social solidarity
will eventually suffer.
Although education and medical services
are fundamental to the stability and development
of a country, it is not to say
that
theatres or sport stadiums have no redeeming
feature. In the hierarchy of human needs, those
needs for food, shelter
and
health
are
among
the
basic.
After
these
targets
are
attained,
people
turn
to
higher
aspirations,
entertainment
and
recreation.
Leisure
facilities
like
stadiums
and
cinemas
satisfy
people's
needs
in
these
fields.
A
game
between
one's
motherland and a
visiting country can raise people's sense of
national pride and ethnical unity. The cinema
brings artistic
pleasure to everyone.
To draw a conclusion, the
decision to finance theatres or sport stadiums
depends on the financial situation of a country.
When an economy comes to maturity, the
launch of recreational and entertainment projects
of this kind is reasonable.
近义词表
11
1. tangible=concrete=soli
d=material=touchable:
切实的，实质的
2. reconcile=tailor=modify=alter=adapt:
修改，调整（以符合某种需要
)
3.
shake off=get rid of=get away
with:
摆脱
4.
assured=confident=self-confident=poised=self-
assured:
自信的，确信的
5. drug=medicine=prescription
drug:
药物
6. redeeming
feature=desirable
quality;
可取之处，好的特点
7. hierarchy=pyramid=pecking
order=chain of command:
层次；等级
8.
shelter=safe haven=housing=accommodation=lodging <
/p>
：住房
,
安身之所
9. motherland=fatherland=nation
state:
祖国
Topic
9:
People
should
keep
all
the
money
they
earn
and
should
not
pay
taxes
to
the
state.
Do
you
agree or
disagree?
税收的作用：
?
有利于保证政府的正常运转（
the operation
of government),
比如国防（
military defense)
、执行法律和维持公共
秩序（
enforcemen
t of law and public order);
?
有利于支持公共投资和建设（
provide public
services and investment),
比如桥梁、公路、能源、水和垃
圾管理系
统
(bridges, roads,
energy, water and waste management
systems)
以及公共交通
(public
transportation)
；
?
有利于保证社会稳定：即缩小贫富差距
(close
the
gap
between
rich
and
poor),
进行收人再分配
(income
redistribution, redistribution of
wealth),
减小社会矛盾；
?
有刺于提高社会福利（
fund welfare and
public services)
；
?
有利于进行宏观经济调控（
influence
macroeconomic
performance):<
/p>
国家通过税收来调控经济，对消费和雇佣有
直接影响（
have a direct effect on consumption and employment)
；
?
社会方面：有时候通过征税可以影
响人的行为，比如对酒和烟草的税收（
collect a tax on
alcohol and tobacco)
以
及对髙速公路的
税收（
highway
tolls)
税收的弊端：
?
税率过高会打击商业的投资热情
(dampen
enthusiasm for investment)
；
?
需要一个很大的机构去处理税收（
require the
creation of a large bureaucracy to administer and
enforce the
system),
耗资
(expenses incurred
)
很大
范文
The role of
taxation is providing funds necessary for carrying
out a variety of functions in a country. However,
to many
taxpayers, especially
employers, paying tax remains the biggest
headache. In my opinion, tax revenue is essential
to a
country. Below are some of its
main functions.
Although
many taxpayers see income tax as an appropriation
of their earnings, tax is in fact a relief to
taxpayers and
their families, for
example, by providing a safeguard against
unemployment and a solution to other problems that
they
may confront in life. For example,
those who lose their earning capabilities because
of injuries, diseases and disabilities
are entitled to the government's
financial support, derived mainly from tax
revenue. There is no point in denying thai lax
is the principal source of finance that
sustains many of the benefits offered by the
welfare system of a country. Although
most workers are not the beneficiaries
currently, they will count on these benefits in
their later years (as pensioners). So
will their dependents (children and
parents).
Taxation is
meanwhile an effective tool by which a society can
achieve the redistribution of income and close the
gap
between haves and have-nots. In
most countries, as a general rule, the higher the
personal income, the higher the income
tax. By imposing different tax rates,
the government is able to distribute the tax
burden across social classes, reducing
income disparity between the rich and
the poor.
12
Corporate tax is deemed by business as
a regular cost, which must be kept to a minimum,
but it is not necessarily a bane.
By
levying different types of tax, the government can
exert an influence on macroeconomic performance,
which in turn
influences
the
income
of
the
business
world.
When
the
economy
is
on
the
verge
of
a
recession,
the
government
can
reduce the tax and present tax
incentives, which proves to be an effective policy
in reviving the economy. By contrast,
during the periods of growth, the
government can raise the tax rate so as to prevent
an overheated economy and combat
inflation. It is fair to say that tax
is one of the main tools in establishing a healthy
environment conducive to business's
sustained growth.
What have been discussed above are the
benefits brought by taxation, all being essential
to a country, its businesses and
individual taxpayers. Although many
taxpayers feel pressured by taxes, they will
eventually benefit from the taxes they
have paid and should therefore bear tax
liabilities.
近义词表
1. headache=
problem=annoyance:
问题，令人头疼的事
2. appropriation=acquisition=seizure=re
quisition:
占有，获取
3.
earning=remuneration=wage=income=take-home
pay=salary:
收入
4.
safeguard=protection=precaution:
保护措施，保障
5.
later years=last few years of one's life:
晚年
6. haves and
have-nots=rich and
poor:
富人和究人
7. recession=downturn=depre
ssion=slump:
萧奈，衰退
8. incentive-
encouragement:
刺激物
Topic 10: It
is
widely accepted that
people
who have post-school
qualifications
earn a higher salary
than
those less educated do. University students
should, therefore, pay all the full cost incurred
over the
course of obtaining a college
education. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
在很多国家，高等教育的学费是一个很
有争议性的话题。一方面，教育是保证一个国家经济
长盛不衰
的原因；
另一方面，如果学费完全由国家来负担，国家未必负担得起。因此，在许多国<
/p>
家，目前釆取的策略是收取正常
的教育
费用，然后发放奖学金和贷款，从而鼓励学生接受高等反对学生自己支付学费的理由：
?
政
府
对
高
校
的
投
资
（
tertiar
y
education
investments)
有
助
于
促
进
以
知
识
< br>为
动
力
的
经
济
和
社
会
发
展
(knowledge-driven economic and social d
evelopment),
获得基础研究和科学发展的长期回报
(long-term returns from
research and technology development),
技术革新使劳动力增强
(greater
productivity is achieved through technological
innovation)
；
?
有更多人有机会接受高等教育（
well-educated)
,
这些人在毕业后会从事高薪职业（
well-paid
jobs),
从而比一般人
交更多的税
(pay higher income
tax),
这社会来说是一种贡献；
?
接受高等教育的学生会减少，
特别是经济困难的学生
（
reduce
the participation of disadvantaged groups);
学生接受
教育，可以摆脱贫穷，社会有贡献
(brea
kout of poverty)
。
支持学生自己支付学费的理由：
?
学生有了经济压力（
experience
financial pressure),
会更加勤奋学习；
?
政府支付不起巨大的费用，收取学费是应该的。
范文
With the labour intensive economy
gradually giving way to knowledge-focused economy,
the access to higher education
has
become
an
issue
of
broad
interest.
The
proposal
to
charge
all
university
students
with
tuition
fees
and
allow
no
exemption arises mainly from the
concern that tertiary education has to compete
with many other urgent demands for
public funds and struggle with
underfunding. I believe that: this policy, if
implemented, will have an accumulative effect
on the well-being of either individual
students or the society as a whole.
13
When
laying
the
hope
of
future
development
over
students,
the
government
cannot
shirk
from
the
responsibility
to
finance them. The sustained growth of a
country rests on young talents. In this sense, the
government is investing, not
spending
money.
A
standard
example
is
America,
a
country
investing
multimillion
dollars
in
higher
education
on
an
annual basis and sponsoring students'
study by different forms of aid, such
as scholarships, subsidies, allowances and
student loans. It can be expected that
these well-educated aspiring people, after
finishing their education, will constitute a
main drive of a state's growth.
Moreover, the government should plough a
reasonable proportion of tax revenue, most
being sourced from parents, back to
their children.
Meanwhile,
it is worth mentioning that some schools tend to
force a complex of charges over students, with the
aim to
extend,
their
profit
margin.
Ignorant
of
their
not-for-profit
nature,
many
universities
might
deviate
from
their
most
important tasks, such as improving
teaching quality. The persistence of this problem
will make their academic service
much
less credible and quality of teaching and faculty
staff uneven. A university can cover its expense
by various means,
such as the receipt
of donation, or the government's funding, instead
of levying a high fee over students.
The
reasons
cited
above
have
justified
why
university
students
need
not
pay
more
than
a
lower
payment.
While
depending
on
young
generations,
the
society
should
be
more
considerate
of
their
situation.
The
effort
to
encourage
tertiary education
participation will pay back sooner, rather than
later.
近义词表
1. give way
to=succumb to=yield to:
向…让步
2.
exemption=exception:
例外，免费
3. accumulative=gi-owing=increasing=inc
remental=spiralling
：累加的
,
逐步增加的
4.
shirk=evade=avoid=dodge=shun
：躲避
5- sustained=
everlasting=eternal=:endless=unending=perpetual:
持续的，永远的
6. rest
on=hinge on=depend on:
依靠，信赖于
7.
aspiring=hopeful=aspirant:
有志向的，有希望的
8.
deviate=diverge=stray:
偏离
9. persistence
= continuance
：持续
10. uneven=unbalanced=unequal:
不平衡的，不均衡的
Topic
11:
Only
government
action
can
solve
housing
shortages
in
big
cities.
To
what
extent
do
you
agree or disagree?
支持政府调控房地产的原因：
?
房屋商业化
（
commercialization of housing)
< br>最大的受害人是低收人家庭
（
unaffordable
to low-income families),
对
此，
政府可以多建经济适用房
（
econo
mical housing),
并采取措施对房地
产行业进行干预
(government
intervention)
；
?
住房购买力的缺口加大（
the
housing
affordability
gap
widens),
而且租金（
rental
rates)
也在不断
增加低收人家庭
（
low-income
families)
没有能力买房（
unable to
buy houses);
?
人口过多和过分拥挤造成住房紧缺
(the direct
result of overcrowding and
overpopulation),
因此
政府应通过划地政
策（
zoning
policies)
、城市发展（
urban
development)
规划、住房补贴（
housing
allowance)
等措施，对房地产进行
调控。
反对政府调控房地产的原因：
?
住房分配体系（
house
allocation
system)
会严重降低私人投资的热情（
dampen
the
enthusiasm
of
individuals
in
housing
investment),
房屋建设的投资少
(a grave
shortage in the investment in house construction)
，
很难减轻住房压
力
(ease the
housing
pressure)
；房地产是一个大的产业，
对经济发展有着重要的意义，提高家庭收人才是解决房
屋问题的关键；
?
当市场占据主导地位
（
the
fundamental role)
时，
建筑工程质量
（
construction quality)
、
房屋的功能
(functionalily)
、
房屋的质量
(housing
quality)
都会有所提高。此时，政府对房屋市场的完全
控制会导致单调的城市景观
（
monotonous
cityscape,
uniformity
of
house
design)
，不能够满足城
市居民对生活条件的高要求
(comprehensive
14
requirements
on living conditions )
。
范文
Housing shortage has become a serious
urban social issue in many parts of the world. It
has been argued that only when
the
government has taken actions, can demand for homes
be fulfilled. Yet to the best of my knowledge, the
government
alone cannot cope well with
housing shortages.
One of
the main objections
to government
intervention
is that it would hamper
the
private sector and simultaneously
pose a huge burden upon the state. In
countries where the government is on a tight
budget and the homeless population is
large,
the
involvement
of
private
property
developers
is
required
and
recommended.
Not
only
does
it
release
the
government
from
the
burden
of
funding
large-sized
construction
programmes
but
it
also
fosters
the
housing
industry.
Given its role in attracting public
consumption and accelerating economic development,
the housing industry should be
at the
mercy of the market, rather than the government.
Another drawback of state
control over the housing market is that it could
result in the stagnancy of construction quality,
functionality, facilities and other
aspects of housing. Apartment blocks or other
residential constructions would be built
in a similar pattern and the cityscape
would be monotonous. Excessive uniformity,
especially in the size and number of
rooms, will fail to meet comprehensive
requirements raised by citizens on properties.
Despite
these
objections,
government
intervention
is
essential
in
some
segments
of
the
market
and
can
render
more
resistance to citizens. Single parents,
the people with disabilities and other
disadvantaged people are among those who
are
not
ready
to
afford
commercial
housing.
The
government
can
provide
them
either
with
housing
allowance
to
purchase their private
properties or directly with economical houses.
As indicated above, in
addressing homelessness and inadequate housing,
the joint effort of both government and private
sector is required. While government
intervention would impede the property market and
negatively influence the supply
and
demand relationship, government assistance is
essential for low-income families and vulnerable
individuals in need
of housing,
近义词表
1. objection=opposition=argument
against:
反对的观点
2. at the mercy of=reliant on:
由
...
控制
3. monotonous=repetitive:
单调的
，单一的
4.
uniformity=sameness:
一致性
,
相同性，单一性
5.
comprehensive=wide-
ranging=ample:
广泛的
6.
intervention=interference=involvement:
干涉，
参与
7. segment=sector=section
：
部分
8.
allowance=subsidy=payment:
补助，津贴
9. joint=co
mbined=shared=united:
联合的
科技发展对生活的影响
概述：雅思作文有关科技发展的题目主要考查现代科技对人们生活习惯和生活方式产生的< p>
影响。现代科技主要
包括因特网、电脑、手机以
及各种小电器。当然，汽车和飞机的广泛使用也
经常被认为是
近代主要的科技发展
成果。主要的考点包括：
?
科技发展的影响是正面还是负面的？
?
科技发展让我们的空闲时间变多还是变少？
?
科技发展对我们的文化、思想、观念和社区有什么影响？
科技发展的正负面影响都有，没有必然的结论。科技发展使人们的生活质量极大提高的同
时，也可能导致人们
15
养成不好的生活方式和习惯，对健康有不利的影响。考生
在考试当中要注重
论述的质量，至于倾向哪个方面未
必一定重要。
科技发展的正面影响有：
?
生产效率更高，人们可以在更短时
间内完成工作，因此可以有更多的体闲时间；
?
给人们生活带来极大便利，提高了人们的生活水平；
?
人们通过网络可以做很多事情，比
如购物和处理个人财务，不用花太多时间在通勤
(commute );
?
人们联系更加方便，即便行动不方便的人也可以通过网络联系家人和扩大朋友圈；
?
< br>人们获得信息的渠道增多
(
譬如说网络、手机、电子图书
馆、电视）
，知识更加丰富。
科技发展的负面影响有：
?
因为竞争激烈，人们需要接受在职
培训和教育，工作节奏加快，压力更大，和家人交流的机会更少；
?
因为通讯发达，人们在下班之后也
被同事和上司联系，在家里査阅工作上的电子邮件；通讯
的发
达同时推动
全球化，工作的性质也趋向于全球化，人们的工作吋间在某种程度上被延长了
；
?
人们
享受着网络娱乐和其他媒体所提供的娱乐，因此忽视和家人的交流；
?
人们喜
欢上网，不愿意外出，性格变得孤僻，和外界的联系减少。
Topic 12: There are social, medical and
technical problems associated with the use of
mobile phones.
What form do these
problems take? Do problems of using mobile phones
outweigh the benefits?
手机所带来的问题和负面影响：
?
社会问题：在公共场所讲话声音大（
speak at an
increased
volume),
让人感觉不舒服（
feel
uncomfortable)
；
?
技术问题
:
信息可能会被第三方截取（
intercept)
或者偷听（
eavesdrop in);
?
医疗问题：有可能增加患癌症的几率
(increase
the risk of suffering
cancers)
；
?
安全问题：开车时打电话（
talk
on
the
phone
while
driving),
导致
交通事故的发生（
correlation
with
road
traffic
accidents)
手机所带来的好处和正面影响：
?
丰富生活：除了发信息（
send
text
messages)
和语音
留言
(make
voice
calls)
之外，手机还可以用
来浏览网页
（
Internet
browsing)
、听音乐（
music
playback),
管理个人信息（
personal
organisers)
、收发电子邮件（
e-mail)
、拍
照（
built-in cameras)
、下载铃声（
ringtones)
、玩游戏
(g
ames)
和听广播
(radio)
等
，由此丰富了人们的生活；
?
方便沟通：手机使人们可以随时随地进行联系；在有突发事件的时候
(in the event of an emergency)
，手机可以
通过信来确定人的位置
(locate
trapped or injured people using the signals from
their mobile phones)
。
范文
Across
the
world,
especially
the
wealthier
parts,
the
mobile
phone
has
taken
the
place
of
telephone
as
an
electronic
telecommunication
device, with the majority of the adult, teenager
and even child owning one. As this technology has
become rife, its drawbacks, which can
be seen from social, medical and technical
perspectives, deserve people's greatest
attention.
Similar to many other hi-tech products,
such as computers, mobile phones have detrimental
effects on users' health. For
example,
long-time heavy phone users seem to be more prone
to certain types of cancers, although evidence to
date is
inconclusive.
Another
lethal
health
concern
is
the
link
between
mobile
phones
and
road
accidents.
It
is
argued
that
motorists have a much
higher risk of collisions and losing control of
the vehicle when driving and talking on the phone
simultaneously, despite sometimes using
bands-free systems.
When
the mobile phone has brought considerable
convenience
，
people's obsession with convenience has
meanwhile
caused enormous disturbance.
That's why the use of mobile phones has been
prohibited in many public places, such as
16
libraries,
theatres,
hospitals
and
even
transports,
such
as
trains,
buses
and
aircrafts.
Speaking
at
increased
volume
is
considered impolite or
even offensive, In schools, students are required
to switch off cell phones before the class begins
because mobile phones are responsible
for a high amount of class disruptions.
When
its
downside
persists,
the
mobile
phone
has
proven
indispensable
in
modern
life.
It
is
handheld,
lightweight,
portable
and
multi-functioned,
allowing
users
to
send
text
messages,
exchange
music
files,
make
voice
calls,
browse
Internet, and so
forth. Meanwhile, within twenty years, mobile
phones are expected to be more pervasive as
technical
advances
and
mass
manufacture
will
make
them
low-cost
personal
items.
Given
those
factors,
the
mobile
phone
will
continue to perform its
role as a key social tool, by which one keeps in
touch with others much more easily than did the
generations before.
As suggested above, the contribution of
the mobile phone to the society is prominent and
people's dependence on it for
communication is an irreversible trend,
although it has a number of problems that should
be well handled.
近义词表
1. device=eq
uipment=appliance=instrument:
设备，设置
2. rife=widespread=prevalent=ubi
quitous=predominant=rampant:
普遍的
< br>
3. prone to=susceptible
to=vulnerable to:
容易患上…的
4. lethal=fatal=deadly=life-
damaging:
致命的，有伤身体的
5. motorist=driver=car user.
使用汽车的人
6. collision=crash=accident
:
碰撞，车祸
7. disturb
ance=annoyance=interruption:
干扰
,
打扰
8. disruption=interference=:distraction
:
干扰
9. pervasive=
prevalent=omnipresent:
普遍的，流行的
10. irreversible=permanent=irrevocabl
e=unalterable:
不可逆转的，永远的
Topic 13: Do you agree that
modern technology has given us more leisure time
than before?
现代科技让人更轻松、休闲时间更多的观点：
?
汽车、
飞机和铁路的普及
(the
popularity of automobile^ air travel and
rail)
减少了人们在路途上奔
波的时间
（
spend
less time commuting)
；电脑和自动化等
设备
(computerisation and automation)
让人们可以更快更有效地完成工作，
休闲时间更多；
?
效率的提高和收人的增加（
rising wages),
人们不需要加班也能够获得足够的收人。此时，人们对生活质量的要
求更高
(higher demand on standards of
living)
，可以支付得起更多的娱乐活动
(able to afford recreational activities
),
在休闲的时间里放松自己
(relax
themselves in their spare time)
现代科技让人更繁忙、休闲时间更少的观点：
?
新科技的产生加快了工作节奏，人
们需要不断地接受教育和培训（
continue
education
and
receive
on-the-job
training)
以适应新科技带来的变化
(keep
pace with the fast development of technology),
人们因此更加繁忙；
?
科技发展使社会的产品变得丰富<
/p>
(diversified)
，人们需要刻苦工作才买得起琳琅满
目的商品；
?
电脑和因特网的产生让人们在正常
工作时间之外也可以工作
（
work beyond
normal working hours),
科技的发展促
进全球化，人们需要加班工作以消除时差的影响
(have to work
overtime due to time difference )
范文
In the history
of mankind, possibly no century witnessed more
progress in technology than the 20th century did.
People
have become increasingly
interested in assessing the correlation between
technological development and leisure time. As
far
as
I
am
concerned,
people's
leisure
time
has
been
shrinking
as
a
result
of
the
tremendous
advance
in
modern
technology.
Admittedly,
thanks
to
modern
technology,
people
can
thus
spend
less
time
on
compulsory
activities
(e.g.
,working),
but
it
should
also
be
noted
that
other
non-
compulsory
activities
have
come
to
consume
a
larger
proportion of people's after-work life,
such as education. If leisure refers to the time
spent in non-compulsory activities,
17
people's leisure time has
in fact contracted. The growing concern on
education has increased the likelihood that people
are willing to give up their leisure
lives for educational opportunities. This trend is
attributed mainly to competition and
fears of job loss, causing people to
turn to on-the-job training and education for
secured employment. Another incentive
is the increasing flexibility of
educational institutions. Worthwhile knowledge can
be passed on from one generation of
workers to another in different forms
of education, such as televised teaching and
online courses. It comes at the cost of
their leisure time.
People's leisure lives are continuously
eroded also because of ubiquity of modern
technological tools (e.g.
，
computers
with
Internet
access
and
telecommunications
equipment).
It
is
noteworthy
that
people
now
take
fewer
and
shorter
vacations
following
the
increase
in
the
number
of
technology-based
activities.
For
example,
cell
phones
and
laptops
make people
accessible to their superiors wherever they go and
wherever they are. People are more stressed than
any
generation
before.
Meanwhile,
people
now
have
to
engage
in
more
everyday
processes
than
ever
before,
such
as
shopping,
food ordering, and so on. It seems that the time
budget is burdened because more time should be
invested in
activities that were
previously ignored or unnoticed.
While posing a threat on people's
leisure lives, technologies might on other
occasions, give workers more flexibility in
controlling their work and more quality
time after work. A traditional workweek has been
cut, as the amount of manual
work
continues to decline because of automation. The
availability of various means of transport has
released working
people
from
lengthy
commutes.
The
line
between
work
*and
private
life
is
much
more
blurred,
with
many
workers
shopping, checking private emails and
reading newspaper online even when working.
From what has been
discussed, one understands that the development of
technology has tremendous impacts on people's
daily lives, although the exact impacts
are not conclusive. When the proliferation of new
technologies, such as computers,
allows
people
to
manage
their
own
working
time
and
accommodate
family
needs
and
lifestyle
choices,
it
has
locked
them in a struggle to cope with more
tasks in daily lives.
近义词表
1. shrink=de
cline=diminish=contract:
减少，缩
'
小
2.
compulsory=required
：必需的
3. after-work life=personal
life:
工作之外的生活，个人生活
4. pass on to=hand
on=transfer:
传递
5.
ubiquity prevalence:
四处存在
,
无处不在
6. commute=the
journey between home and place of
work:
上下班的路程
7. pr
oliferation=increase=mushrooming:
增加
8. accommodate=give room
for:
容纳
Topic 14: It is said that the fast pace
of our everyday life, as a direct result of the
rapid development of
telecommunications
technology
and
travel
industry,
has
negative
effects
on
individuals,
nations
and
the globe. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
移动电话、因特网和现代交通工具使人们的生活节奏加快，其主要原因是人们交流更加方< p>
便，而且旅行也变得
更加便利、频繁。值得注意
的是，很多考生可能会去考虑电讯科技和交通行
业的发展对人
类产生的影响，而事
实上，本题考查的是生活快节奏对人们产生的影响。
负面影响：
?快节奏的生
活使人与人之间的相互交流减少
（
personal
interaction reduces),
人们很难保持和
改善与朋友亲人的关
系
(hard
to
maintain
and
improve
relations
with
friends
and
family
members)
，这
对社会和家庭都是有害的
（
detrimental to
family life or social relations within or outside
of work)
；
?
快节奏的生活会引起疾病
(lifestyle
diseases , such as obesity, stroke, diabetes,
heart diseases )
正面影响：
18
?
提
高了效率和生产力，促进了信息交流和贸易往来（
promote trade
activity across the border);
?
效率的提高使人们有更多的娱乐时
间，生活更加丰富（
leisure lives have been
enriched)
。
范文
Not
surprisingly,
many
aspects
of
people's
daily
lives
have
undergone
considerable
changes
because
of
the
recent
development in technology. It is a
particular concern that the pace of everyday life
is becoming faster, resulting from the
development in cars, air travel,
telecommunications technology and the Internet
。
As well as
benefits, this trend is to
bring
problems.
On the positive
side, the fast rhythm of life requires people to
enhance efficiency when working and then allows
them to
enjoy
longer
leisure
time.
With
the
advance
in
telecommuncations
people
can
make
inquires
by
phone,
instead
of
travelling long distances, Internet
access makes it possible (for one to perform
various tasks without leaving their offices.
Even though people have to travel every
now and then, for meeting business partners,
visiting clients in other cities or
other purposes, modem transport
networks reduce the amount of time they spend on
commutes.
The acceleration
of the pace of life also implies the expansion of
people's social circle. In the past, social
relationships
were limited by physical
factors such as geographical distance and low
mobility, but nowadays, one can travel further
and get acquainted with more people
with those technological advances, such as the
railroad, the automobile and the
telephone. For instance, the rapid
penetration of telecommunications technology has
made the mobile phone a key social
tool
and people rely on their mobile phone address book
to keep in touch with their friends.
On the negative side, the fast-paced
lifestyle is responsible for the upsurge in
lifestyle-related problems. Jobs become
demanding and require workers' full
commitment, resulting in their depression and
pressure. Underneath the facade of
continued contraction of official
working hours, employees are actually working
longer, primarily because fax, e-mail or
other communication devices have made
them accessible to their supervisors, colleagues
and customers after work. They
have to
respond instantly to voice and email messages from
others. Private life has to be sacrificed.
According to the facts
outlined above, the doubts about the negative
effects of the acceleration of pace of life are
not
well-grounded. People now enjoy
greater well-being, which is reflected in more
quality family time, less travel-related
stress and close contact with friends
and family members. However, they might have to
accept frequent intrusions as a
by-
product of convenient communication.
近义词表
1. penetration=invasion=permeating:
渗透
,
入侵
2.
facade=disguise=cover-up
：伪装
3.
contraction=reduction
：减少
4. intrusion=in
terruption:
侵扰
,
扰
5. by-product=unwanted
product=anything produced in the course of making
another thing:
副产品
Topic
15:
Nowadays
people
can
carry
out
tasks
such
as
shopping
and
banking
even
business
transactions
without
meeting
each
other
face
to
face.
What
are
the
effects
on
individuals
and
the
society?
本题不是讨论网络的优缺点，而是讨论其正面和负面的影响。
因此，仅仅讨论网络购物和网
络商务的优点和缺
点是不足够和不确切的
,
需要针对这些特点讨论所产
生的社会影响。
正面的影晌：
?
提高效率；
?
网络绐人们提供大量信息，增加人们的知识；
19
?
喊少交通工具的使用（
rely
less
on
private
or
public
transpo
rt),
从而减少汽车废气的排放（
lead
to
a
drop
in
the
carbon
footprint)
负面的影响：
?
人与人之间的交流减少
,
人们只关心自己的生活方式
（
< br>concerned about one's own way of life)
，
导致形成以个体为
中心的社会（
an insular society develops and
forms)
；
?
人们习惯于不运动的生活方式（
inactive
lifestyle),
甚至过起隐居的生活（
live a
reclusive life),
过分依赖因特网做
其他事情
（
rely excessively on the Internet for
running errands)
。
范文
With
the
wide
use
of
the
Internet
，
the
way
people
conduct
business
and
live
their
lives
has
vastly
changed.
Many
businesses
have
websites
that
allow
people
to
conduct
business,
execute
deals
and
finish
transactions
online,
as
an
alternative to a lengthy commute.
Although people are thus free from the constraints
of geography and time, there are
some
consequences of this trend that demand attention.
Supposedly, with Internet
access, people are able to perform transactions
and to do shopping without leaving home, but
meanwhile they have to pay a heavy
price for it. One of the most negative aspects is,
for instance, that it alters their
social behaviours and habits. For many
people, to spend part of the day on the Internet
is quite normal. It can be expected
that being addicted to Internet use,
most of home telecommuters or Internet users will
become socially isolated. Poor
social
life and feelings of loneliness are those problems
that are very often found among heavy users.
It is also likely that
people have become increasingly accustomed to
living in a world that appreciates convenience and
inactivity
and
they
do
not
want
to
evade
those
maxims.
It
gives
explanation
of
why
the
sedentary
lifestyle
is
now
prevailing
and
why
people
spend
little
time
on
leisure
or
recreational
activities.
Time
has
been
spent
in
front
of
the
computer
or Internet. The net result is that they suffer
serious loss of vision, back pain and obesity. It
is true that many
people finally end up
with struggling with deteriorating health.
Despite the negative effects, the
Internet has its positive implications to the
well-being of society. Online shoppers are
able to seek out the lowest prices for
items or services. Manufacturers, therefore, have
to improve product quality and
lower
price levels in an effort to win the favour of
consumers and secure a stable market share.
Telecommuting-working
at home using a
computer is a solution to traffic congestion, the
urban air pollution and petrol use.
As
outlined
above,
people's
growing
obsession
with
Internet
use,
such
as
online
shopping
or
banking,
has
both
immediate and long-term impacts on
health, social involvement, lifestyles and
emotional well-being. Although it is of
great value from a net surfer's
perspective, people should step up efforts to
minimize the negative effects.
近义词表
1.
alternative=replacement=
substitute:
另一种选择，替代品
2. supposedly=theoretically
=purportedly:
理论上地，假想地
3.
price=penalty:
代价，付出
.
4. telecommuter=teleworker
:
在家通过使用电脑、传真和因特网工作的人
5. social life=spending time with
friends and other
people;
社会生活
6. in
activity=idleness=immobility=indolence=sluggishnes
s;
懒惰，很少运动的生活方式
7.
maxim=rule=principle=tenet=guideline=motto=dictum=
axiom=truism:
格言，定律
Topic
16:
Many
employees
may
work
at
home
with
modern
technology.
Some
people
claim
that
it
benefits only workers,
but not employers. Do you agree or disagree?
在家工作（
home
working)
的优点：
20
?
增加工作的灵活性（
introduce flexibili
ty),
方便雇用临时工（
occasional
workers)
和兼职工（
part-time
workers)
?
减少上下班时间（
reduce interruptions
and commuting
time),
从而减少给社会交通带来的压力；
?
增加员工工作的动力（
increase staff mot
ivation),
减少在办公室需要面对的各种压力（
red
uce stress)
；
?
节省办公室空间和设备
(save office space
and other
facilities),
从而减少费用支出（
reduce
costs)
在家工作的缺点：
?
不利管理员工
(manage home
workers)
和监督其工作
(monitor
performance)
；
?
很难集中培训（
maintain staff develo
pment),
有可能导致员工技术和工作质量的下降（
lea
d to
possible deteriorating of
employees' skills and work
quality)
；
?
很难保持团队精神（
maintain team
spirit),
缺乏交流（
lack
communication),
同事之间有疏远感
(a sense of isolation among
homeworkers)
范文
The
spread
of
telecommunication
technology
---using
the
Internet,
telephone,
fax,
scanners
or
text
messaging---has
opened up a
new range of possibilities for working at home,
Discussion has centred on whether it represents a
benefit to
workers alone, but not
employers. In my opinion, employers can take full
advantage of home working as well.
By allowing employees to work at home,
employers can widen the base from which they
recruit and boost the chances of
capitalising on rich human capital. For
instance, parents with childcare responsibilities
and those with disabilities prefer
to
work
at
home.
Distance
between
their
work
place
and
their
place
of
residence
has
never
ceased
to
be
a
problem.
Homeworking enables working people to
perform their jobs at ease, and thus gives
employers more options in human
resource use.
Another
benefit
obtained
from
home-working
is
the
boost
for
staff
motivation.
By
working
at
home,
employees
can
manage
their
time
on
their
own
and
strike
a
balance
between
work
and
rest
Similarly
important
is
that,
without
the
presence of their
immediate supervisors, they feel less stressful
and more comfortable. Those two factors both play
a part
in boosting their productivity
and job satisfaction.
Apart
from
those
benefits,
homeworking
might
have
its
drawbacks.
A
challenge
that
employers
have
to
face
is
the
difficulty
in
managing
and
monitoring
employees'
performance.
Whether
employees
are
as
likely
to
meet
a
deadline
when
working at home as they are in the workplace
remains unclear. Similarly difficult is to
maintain team spirit because
employees
have limited interaction between each other.
Furthermore, stall training, an integral part of
increasing human
capital, is not
practical in a business where homeworking
predominates.
Therefore, it
is clear that although employers can benefit a lot
from integrating homeworking into his or her
business,
e.g. , introducing more
flexibility and increasing employees' job
satisfaction, they should work out methods to
prevent
the problems that are likely to
arise from this move.
近义词表
1.
represent=stand
for=signify:
代表
2.
capitalize on= take (full) advantage of=make the
most of=benefit from:
利用，得益于
3. work place=place of
work:
工作地点
4. at
ease=comfortably=free from
anxiety;
轻松地
5. pr
oductivity=output=efficiency=yield:
生产力<
/p>
6.
team spirit=cohesion=unity;
团队精一命，凝聚力
7. interaction=com
munication=contact:
联系和相互作用
T
opic 17: It
seems that with the increase in use of mobile
phones and computers, fewer people prefer to
write letters. Will the skill of
writing disappear completely?
21
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