新托福TPO3阅读原文(一)Architecture及译文

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TPO3

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一

):Architecture

TP O-3-1

：

Architecture

Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and

enclose

space

for

practical

and

symbolic

purposes.

Because

architecture

grows

out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of

all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the

character of the human environment in major ways.

Architecture is a three- dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line,

light,

and color. To be

architecture, a building must achieve a

working harmony

with a variety of elements. Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter

and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to create buildings that

are

not

simply

constructions

but

also

offer

inspiration

and

delight.

Buildings

contribute

to

human

life

when

they

provide

shelter,

enrich

space,

complement

their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible. The client who pays for

the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural

team. The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both

clients and architects.

In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet

its

purpose,

architecture

employs

methods

of

support

that,

because

they

are

based

on

physical

laws,

have

changed

little

since

people

first

discovered

them

—even

while

building

materials

have

changed

dramatically.

The

world’s

architectural

structures

have

also

been

devised

in

relation

to

the

objective

limitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with

downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand the forces of

compression

(pushing

together),

tension

(pulling

apart),

bending,

or

a

combination of these in different parts of the structure.

Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological

changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design

of

architecture

structures.

In

earlier

times

it

was

necessary

to

design

structural

systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick.

Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new

building

materials

to

suit

the

type

of

structure

desired.

Enormous

changes

in

materials

and

techniques

of

construction

within

the

last

few

generations

have

made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a

minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in

weight

between

buildings

built

now

and

those

of

comparable

size

built

one

hundred years ago.

Modern

architectural

forms

generally

have

three

separate

components

comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame,

an

outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital

organs

and

systems.

The

equipment

includes

plumbing,

electrical

wiring,

hot

water,

and

air- conditioning.

Of

course

in

early

architecture

—

such

as

igloos

and

adobe structures

—

there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were

often one.

Much

of

the

world’s

great

architecture

has

been

constructed

of

stone

because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. In the past, whole cities grew

from the arduous task of

cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world’s finest

stone

architecture

can

be

seen

in

the

ruins

of

the

ancient

Inca

city

of

Machu

Picchu

highin

theeastern

Andes

Mountains

of

Peru.

The

doorways

and

windows

are

made

possible

by

placing

over

the

open

spaces

thick

stone

beams

that

support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be made before the

physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could

be

created.

That

invention

was

the

arch,

a

curved

structure

originally

made

of

separate stone or brick segments. The arch was used by the early cultures of the

Mediterranean

area chiefly

for

underground

drains,

but

it

was

the

Romans

who

first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures. Roman

builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone. As a

method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal

beam.

It

works

in

compression

to

divert

the

weight

above

it

out

to

the

sides,

where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch. The

arch

is

among

the

many

important

structural

breakthroughs

that

have

characterized architecture throughout the centuries.

译文：

TPO-3-1

建筑物

建筑是一门出于实用和象征的双重目的，

通过组织和利用空间来 实现设计结

构的艺术和科学。

。

因为建 筑源于人类的需求和愿望，

同样也可以清楚地传达文

化价值。< /p>

在所有的视觉艺术中，

建筑最直接地影响了我们的生活，

因为它在很多

方面决定了我们生存的环境特征。

建筑是一种利用空间、质量、纹理 、线条、光线和颜色的三维立体形式。一

幢建筑物必须实现各种要素的和谐搭配。

人类本能地希望可以提供居住并且改善

他们生活质量的建筑。

建筑师们创造出来的建筑物不单纯的是建筑物，

还为人们

带来了灵感和喜悦。

建筑物为人类的生活提供了遮蔽处和丰富的空间、

增加人们

的活动场所、

完善人们的居所、

帮助人们适应气候的变化，

同时在经济上也可承