英语国概名词解释

英语国概名词解释

1.

The Thames River

The Thames River is the second largest and most important river in

Britain. It is 336 KM long, rising in southwest England and flowing

through England and out into the North Sea. It flows rather slowly,

which is very favorable for water transportation.

High Landers

They are the Scots who live in the mountainous regions of the Highlands

in Northern Scotland. They are a proud, independent and hardy people

who maintain their strong cultural identity. They mainly live by

farming sheep in mountain areas or fishing on the coasts and islands.

British Commonwealth

英联邦

The British Empire was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the

Commonwealth of Nations in is a free association of independent

countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined

together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The

Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of

the Commonwealth is left to each member nation. At present there are 50

members counties within the commonwealth

(1991).

y

伦敦佬

A cockney is a Londoner who is born within the sound of Bow

Bells-the

Bells of the church of St. Mary-LeBow in east London

dfodau

festivals of song and dance and poetry celebrated by the welsh through

the year. By this way the welsh keep the welsh language and welsh

culture alive.

海洋性气候

Maritime Climate

The type of climate when winter is mild, not too cold and summer is

cool, not too hot, and it has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the

whole year.

English Channel

A Channel that separates Britain from the rest of France is quite

narrow. A channel tunnel under this channel was built in 1994 to join

the two countries together.

Chunnel

英吉利海峡隧道

In 1985 the British government and French government decided to build a

channel tunnel, which is called

“

Chunnel

”

, under the Straits of

Dover so that England and France could be joined together by road. The

Chunnel was open to traffic in May 1994.

9. London smog----In 1952, the sulphur dioxide in the four-day London

smog, an unhealthy atmosphere formed by mixing smoke and dirt with fog.

It left 4000 people dead or dying. Since then most cities in Britain

have introduced

“

clean air zones

”

whereby factories and households

are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel.

h isles

The British Isles is made up of two large islands and hundreds of small

ones. The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland.

enge:

巨石阵

It is a circular group of large standing stones on Salisbury Plain,

Wiltshire, regarded as one of the most important monuments

纪念碑

of

its kind in Europe, and very popular with visitors.

Becket

he was English churchman and statesman. he became Chancellor of England

under Henry II in was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in

1162.

ey Chaucer

He was an important English poet in the fourteenth century. His best

known is The Canterbury Tales, which describes a group of pilgrims

traveling to Canterbury to visit Thomas Becket's tomb. Because he was

the first important English poet to write in English. He has been known

as the

“

Father of English Poetry

”

.

圣女贞德

of arc:

l heroine of France during the hundred year's war, she was a nationa she

successfully led the France to drive the English out of France.

ds:

罗拉德派

they were poor priests and traveling preachers who were john wyclif's

followers. They played an important role in the mental preparations for

the peasant uprising of preaching the equality of men before

god.

Puritans

清教徒

The Puritans were wealthy, well- educated gentlemen. They wanted to

purify the Church of England and threatened with religious persecution,

the Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a refuge provided by God

for those He meant to save.

Caesar

He was a great Roman general. In 55BC and 54BC,he invaded Britain

twice. Because of the resistance of the British people, he withdrew

with hostages and prisoners. That's the beginning of the Roman

invasion.

Hardrian's Wall

It was one of two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out

of the area they had conquered.

chy

七王国

During the Anglo-Saxon's time, Britain was divided into many kingdoms,

among which there were seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex,

Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. They were given the name

of Heptarchy.

ine

In 597,Pope Gregory I sent ine to England to convert the

English People to was very successful in converting the

king and the nobility. He was the first archbishop of Canterbury.

贤人会议

Witan

was

the

council

or

meeting

of

the

Wiseman.

It

was

created

by the

Anglo-Saxons to advise the 's the basis of the Privy Council

which still exists today.

the Great

Alfred was a strong king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a

friendly agreement with them. He founded a strong fleet and is known as

The father of the British navy. He reorganized the Saxon army, making

it more efficient. He also translated books and established schools.

All this earned him the title Alfred the Great.

m the Conqueror

William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct.1066 and

defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas

Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the

feudal system in England.

battle of Hastings

In 1066,King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king.

William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two

armies met near Hasting. After a day's battle, Harold was killed and

his army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the

way of the Roman conquest.

Danelaw

施行丹麦法的地区

By the middle of the ninth century, the Vikings and the Danes were

posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex whose capital was

Winchester. Alfred, King of Wessex, was strong enough to defeat the

Danes and came to a relatively friendly agreement with them in

Danes gained control of the north and east of England(-

Danelaw),while Alfred would rule the rest.

协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部（丹麦法区）

，而阿尔弗雷德统治其他地区。

Conquest

The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English

history. William the conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave

it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a

strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely

established in England.

he

ay Book

It is a book compiled by a group

of clerks

under the sponsorship of

King William the First in 1086.

The book was

in fact a property record.

It was the result of a general

survey of

England. It recorded the

extent, value, state of

cultivation, and

ownership of the land. It was

one of the important measures

adopted by

William I to establish the

full feudal system in England.

Today, it is kept

in the Public Records

Office in London.

Black Death

It is a modern name given to the

dearly

bubonic plague, an epidemic

disease spread through Europe in

the

fourteenth century particularly

in

1348-1349. It came without

warning, and

without any cue. In England, it

killed almost half of the total

population,

causing far-reaching

economic consequences.

divine rights of kings

君

权神授

the

theory

that

a

king

rules

with

the authority

of god.

Wars of Roses (

考过

)

the name Wars of the Roses was

refer to the

battles between the House

of Lancaster, symbolized by the

read rose, and

that of York, symbolized

by the white, from 1455 to 1485.

Henry Tudor,

descendant of Duke of

Lancaster

won

victory

at

Bosworth

Field in

1485 and put ht country

under

the

rule

of

the

Tudors.

From

these Wars,

English feudalism

medieval

great

The

blow.

death

its

received

nobility was much weakened.

Spanish

Armada:

西班牙无敌舰

队

the fleet sent to invade England

by Philip II of

Spain in 1588.

Glorious Revolution of

1688

In 1685 Charles II died and was

succeeded by

his brother James II.

James was brought up in exile in

Europe, was

a Catholic. He hoped to

rule without giving up his

personal religious

vies. But England was no

more tolerant of a Catholic king

in 1688 than

40 years ago. So the

English politicians rejected

James II, and

appealed to a Protestant

king,

William

of

Orange,

to

invade

and take

the English throne. William

landed in England in 1688. The

takeover was

relatively smooth, with no

bloodshed, nor any execution of

the king. This

was known as the

Glorious Revolution.

Gunpowder Plot of 1605

药阴谋案

火

The

Gunpowder

Plot

of

1605

was

the

most

famous of the Catholic

conspiracies. On Nov. 5,1605, a

few fanatical

Catholics attempted to

blow

King

James

and

his

ministers

up in the

House of Parliament where

Guy

Fawkes

had

planted

barrels

of

gun-powder in the cellars. The

immediate result was the

execution of Fawkes

and his

fellow-conspirators and

imposition of severe

anti- Catholic laws. The

long-term result has been an

annual

celebration on Nov. 5, when a

firework

a

and

guy

a

turn

to

lit

is

bonfire

display is arranged.

Mary

It is the nickname given to Mary

I, the English

Queen who succeeded to

the throne after Henry VIII. She

was a devout

Catholic and had so many

Protestants burnt to death that

she is

remembered less by her official

title

Mary

I

by

her

nickname

Blood

Mary.

boroughs

衰败选区

a parliamentary constituency

which possessed

the right to elect members

of parliament even though its

population had

dwindled or was

nonexistent.

议会选民区都有权利去 选

举议会的成员即使它的人口已经下降或是

不存在。