-
文体学
课后题
1
、
2
单元
(A).
1
Identify
and
classify
patterns
of
sound
repetition
in
the
following
A multiple
sentence consists of more than one clause. It may
be either a
examples.
compound sentence,a complex sentence,
or a mixed sentence.
1
）
Words and
phrases
D :nominal clauses function as
S O C .I:relative clauses function as
shilly-shally
= pararhyme
super-duper
= rhyme
modified
in NP and comparative c f as m in NP ADJP
high and mighty = assonance fair and
square = rhyme
5
What is the
difference between a minor sentence and an
incomplete
kith and kin = reverse rhyme
toil and moil = rhyme
sentence?
part and parcel = reverse rhyme by hook
or by crook = rhyme
Neither
type
conforms
to
the
basic
clause
structure.
But
a
minor
2
）
Pride and
Prejudice = alliteration
sentence is
supposed to be “complete” in the sense that it is
finished.
The Love’s labour
Lost
= alliteration
Of Mice and Man = alliteration
An
incomplete
sentence
never
comes
to
its
end
because
of
sudden
Bill Rogers,
Marvelous Marathon Man = alliteration
interruption or other reasons. For
example,
Father in a Fix = alliteration
Witch Watch =
alliteration
(1)
Attention,
please. (2)
Help!
The Wonder
of Waterfall = alliteration
(3)
Going to the lecture? (4)
Why are you late?
Because
I
—
3)Advertisements
Of the four
sentences, (1) (2) (3) are minor sentences whereas
(4) is an
--Drinka Pinta Milka Day =
sound elision
incomplete.
--Extra Pintas Warma Winta = sound
elision
6
What are the major
components of a noun phrase?What is the use of
--Be different daily. Be dreamy or
dramatic. Experiment,
pre-
modification?
but still economise. Be
bold and be beautiful
—but don’t break
the bank.
What is the function of post-
modification?
= (in order)
alliteration; alliteration; reverse rhyme;
alliteration
A
complete
noun
phrase
consists
of
four
constituents:
determiner,
2
The underlined word(s) in
each of the following examples
pre-
modifier, head and post-modifier. The determiner
can be an article,
1)Nim Chimpsky
sounds like Noam Chompsky, who believes that man
numerals, numeral pronouns; all the
words between the determinative
has a
language learning device in the mind, which
enables the child to
and the head are
pre-modifier, whatever part of speech they belong
to;
learn the language however badly it
is taught. This makes man different
the
head
can
be
a
noun
or
a
pronoun;
the
post-modifier
is
usually
a
from
animal,
which
does
not
have
such
a
device.
That
is
why
prepositional
phrase,
a
noun
phrase,
a
non-finite
clause,
a
relative
chimpanzee (who is
considered to be the most intelligent animal) can
clause, etc.
never learn the
language however hard it is taught.
Frequent
use
of
pre-modification
in
newspaper
headlines
can
2
）
Romeow is a
word imitating the sound made by a cat and shares
the
economize
space,
and
arouse
the
reader’s
intere
st
as
well
because
same
pronunciation
with
the
main
character
in
Shakespeare’s
tragedy
pre-modification
is
usually
short,
thus
cannot
spell
out
details.
This
Romeo
and
Juliet.
Romeo
has
deep
love
for
Juliet.
It
indicates
that
keeps the reader in suspense and kicks
up their eagerness to find out.
Romeow
the cat has affection for the master.
Pre-modification tends to be informal
and appears in less formal style.
3)
Record shop named Moby Disc, which
implies it is a huge shop
Post-
modification
can
be
very
long
and
complicated.
Using
of its kind, for it reminds one of the
Moby Dick, a book which depicts
post-
modification
can
give
enough
room
for
details
and
for
further
people hunt a huge
whole called Moby Dick.
information.
Therefore,
it
is
frequently
used
in
more
formal
contexts,
3 1)
phonological devices in
the following extract.
for
instance,
written
language.
Written
legal
English
prefers
A creak of
hinges...aisle.
post-modification
in
noun
phrases,
because
the
composer
of
a
legal
In this passage the
authors uses alliteration high-heeled, assonance
tiled
document must ensure that it
conveys meaning exactly and explicitly,
surface of the central aisle. What is
more conspicuous is the use of
guarding
against any possible misinterpretation.
onomatopoeic words such as creak,
booming thud, flutter, tiptap, which
7
What are the three basic factors in the
formation of written texts?
present the
different kinds of noises heard in the church. The
use of
For
effective
presentation
of
information
and
language
processing
on
such words help the
reader share the same experience of the writer and
the
part
of
the
reader,
we
usually
attach
importance
to
sequence,
make the
description vivid and believable.
segmentation
and
salience
in
the
formation
of
texts,
both
spoken
and
2
）
Read the
following extract from the novel Adventures of Tom
written.
3
）
Sawyer and
comment on the graphological forms.
8
Which type of branching is
common in informal speech? Which type
“TOM!”
of
branching is preferred in written styles?
No answer.
...--
Mark Twai
Right-branching is common in
speech, in relaxed and informal
This is
one episode of the novel Adventures of Tom Sawyer,
depicting
presentation of ideas.A
writer may favor right-branching and use
how Granny is looking for Tom, who is
naughty and hiding under the
short,
simple sentences to represent a narrative style of
simplicity,
bed. The different form of
letters with punctuation marks indicates how
directness and intensity. Left-
branching, however, is better
Granny
speaks.
When
we
read
it,
we
have
the
feeling
of
watching
adapted to writing because it is
structurally more compact and
Granny
on
a
stage
play.
For
example,
“TOM!”
is
said
louder
than
logical, and it is
usually more formal. Since subordinate ideas are
“Tom!”. “Y
-o-u-u,
Tom
!” indicates Granny drawls her voice
and with
presented first, postponing
the main idea, readers often feel in
unusual loudness so as to be heard
fa
r away. The exclamation marks “!”
suspense and try to read on to obtain
the main idea towards the
show
her
emotion,
and
the
dash
“—“
implies
her
sudden
stop.
The
end of the sentence.
italicized
through
emphasizes
the
contrast
with
“over”
and
“under”,
9
What
is
the
basic
phrase
order?What
are
the
stylistic
effects
of
humorously implying her glasses are
intended for ornament rather than
fronting and postponement?
practical use. In the whole passage, we
see the only character Granny,
The
basic phrase order in an English declarative
clause is more or less
who
is
speaking
to
herself.
It
is
very
much
like
a
stage
monologue.
fixed:
SV(O)(C)(A), with A being mobile in position. The
change of
After reading, we have a
vivid image of Granny in our mind. And there
the order can make a particular
language unit more salient.
is a touch
of humour all through.
Fronting
refers
the
movement
of
a
sentential
element
from
its
usual
3
单元
position to the front, and postponement
refers the movement of a
1
What are thethree ways of clause
classification?
linguistic
unit
from
its
normal
place
towards
the
end
of
the
classification according to
constituents, verb phrase and functions. By
sentence. In both cases the elements
moved are highlighted. For
constituents
clauses can be grouped into SV(A), SVO(A), SVC,
SVOO,
example,
SVOC.
By
verb
phrase
we
have
finite
clause,
non-finite
clause
and
(1)
Talent Mr. Micawber has, capital Mr.
Micawber has not. (fronting
verbless
clause.
By
functions
clauses
can
be
categorized
either
as
talent and capital for
emphasis)
independent clause or
dependent clause.
(2)
A
car
stopped
and
out
stepped
the
President
of
the
University.
2
how do we distinguish
situation types?
(Postponing President
of the University again for emphasis)
By according to meaning or sense of the
verb.
10
What is syntactic
parallelism and its function?
3
Name the participant roles in action
types?
Syntactic parallelism refers to
the repetition of the same syntactic form
The
participant
roles
in
action
types
are:
agentive
role
(doer
of
the
(e.g.
tense,
aspect)
and
phrase/clause
structure
in
two
or
more
action),
external
force
(causer
of
the
action),
intrumental
role
neighboring clauses or
sentences. It reinforces meaning by contrast or
(tool to do the action with), recipient
role (receiver of the action)
antithesis, or helps to build up an
emotional climax. For example,
and
objective role (the affected or the result of the
action).
See
how
they
can
saw.
Power
saw.
And
drill.
Power
drill.
And
4
What
is
a
simple
sentence?
What
is
a
multiple
sentence?
sand. Power sand.
Directly/indirectly
This is
an advertisement for selling Power Brand series of
tools. When
A
simple
sentence
conforms
to
the
basic
clause
structure
SV(O)
(C)
the
reader
finishes
the
reading,
they
will
not
forget
the
brand
name