语言学 Ⅱ

Chapter 7: Language Change

1.

historical

linguistics:

A

subfield

of

linguistics

that

study

language

change.

2. coinage:

A new word can be coined to fit some purpose. (03)

3. blending:

A blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words.

4. clipping:

Clipping refers to the abbreviation of longer words or

phrases.

5. borrowing:

When different culture come into contact, words are often

borrowed from one language to another. It is also called load words.

6. back formation:

New words may be coined from already existing words

by subtracting an affix mistakenly thought to be part of the old word.

Such words are called back- formation.

7. functional shift:

Words may shift from one part of speech to another

without the addition of affixes.

8. acronyms:

Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several

words.

9.

protolanguage:

The

original

form

of

a

language

family,

which

has

ceased

to exist.

10.

Language

family:

A

group

of

historically

related

languages

that

have

developed from a common ancestral language.

Chapter 8: Language And Society

1.

sociolinguistics:

The

subfield

of

linguistics

that

study

language

variation

and

language use in social contexts.

2. speech community:

A group of people who form a community and share at least one

speech variety as well as similar linguistic norms. (05)

3. speech varieties:

It refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a

speaker or a group of speakers.

4. regional dialect:

A variety of language used by people living in the same

geographical region.

5.

sociolect:

A

variety

of

language

used

by

people,

who

belong

to

a

particular

social

class.

6. registers :

The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type

of situation.

7.

idiolect :

A

person

’

s

dialect

of

an

individual

speaker

that

combines

elements,

regarding regional, social, gender and age variations. (04)

8. linguistic reportoire :

The totality of linguistic varieties possessed by an

individual constitutes his linguistic repertoire.

9.

register

theory :

A

theory

proposed

by

American

linguist

Halliday,

who

believed

that three social variables determine the register, namely, field of discourse,

tenor of discourse and mode of discourse.

10. field of discourse :

the purpose and subject matter of the communicative

behavior..

11. tenor of discourse:

It refers to the role of relationship in the situation in

question: who the participants in the communication groups are and in what

relationship they stand to each other.

12. mode of discourse:

It refers to the means of communication and

it is concerned

with how communication is carried out.

13. standard dialect:

A superposed variety of language of a community or nation,

usually

based

on

the

speech

and

writing

of

educated

native

speakers

of

the

language.

14. formality:

It refers to the degree of formality in different occasions and

reflects the relationship and conversations. According to Martin Joos, there are

five

stages

of

formality,

namely,

intimate,

casual,

consultative,

formal

and

frozen.

15. Pidgin:

A blending of several language, developing as a contact language of

people, who speak different languages, try to communication with one another on a

regular basis.

16. Creole :

A pidgin language which has become the native language of a group of

speakers used in this daily life.

17.

bilingualism :

The

use

of

two

different

languages

side

by

side

with

each

having

a different role to play, and language switching occurs when the situation

changes.(07C)

18. diaglossia :

A sociolinguistic situation in which two different varieties of

language co-exist in a speech community, each having a definite role to play.

19. Lingua Franca :

A

variety of language that

serves as a

medium

of communication

among groups of people, who speak different native languages or dialects

20. code- switching:

the movement back and forth between two languages or dialects

within the same sentence or discourse. (04)

Chapter 9: Language And Culture

1. culture :

The total way of life of a person, including the patterns of belief,

customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the

life of human community.

2. discourse community :

It refers to the common ways that members of some social

group use language to meet their needs.

3. acculturation :

A process in which changes on the language, culture and system

of

values

of

a

group

happen

through

interaction

with

another

group

with

a

different

language, culture and a system of values.

4.

Sapir-Whorf

Hypothesis :

The

interdependence

of

language

and

thought

is

now

known

as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.

5.

linguistic

relativity :

A

belief

that

the

way

people

view

the

world

is

determined

wholly or partly by the structure of their native language-----

又叫

Sapir-Whorf

Hypothesis. (06C)

6. linguistic determinism:

It refers

to the

idea that the language we use, to some

extent, determines the way in which we view and think about the world around us.

(06C)

7. denotative meaning:

It refers to the literal meaning, which can be found in a

dictionary.

8.

connotative

meaning:

The

association

of

a

word,

apart

from

its

primary

meaning.

9. iconic meaning:

The image of a word invoked to people.

10. metaphors:

A figure of speech, in which no function words like

like, as

are

used.

Something

is

described

by

stating

another

thing

with

which

it

can

be

compared.

11.

euphemism:

a

word

or

phrase

that

replace

a

taboo

word

or

is

used

to

avoid

reference

to certain acts or subjects, e.g.

powder room

for

toilet.

12. cultural overlap:

The situation between two societies due to some similarities

in the natural environment and psychology of human being

13. cultural diffusion:

Through communication, some elements of culture A enter

culture B and become part of culture B, thus bringing about cultural diffusion.

(05/03)

14. cultural imperialism:

The situation of increasing cultural diffusion all over

the world.(06C)

15.

linguistics

imperialism:

it

is

a

kind

of

kind

of

linguicism

which

can

be

defined

as the promulgation of global ideologies through the world-wide expansion of one

language. (06C)

16.

linguistic

nationalism:

In

order

to

protect

the

purity

of

their

language,

some

countries

have

adopted

special

language

policy.

It

is

called

linguistic

nationalism.

17.

intercultural

communication:

It

is

communication

between

people

whose

cultural

perceptions and symbols are distinct enough to alter the communication event.

18. language planning:

planning, usually by a government, concerning choice of

national

or

official

language(s),

ways

of

spreading

the

use

of

a

language,

spelling

reforms, the addition of new words to the language, and other language problems.

Chapter 10: Language Acquisition

1.

language

acquisition:

It

refers

to

the

child

’

s

acquisition

of

his

mother

tongue,

i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.

2.

language

acquisition

device

(LAD):

A

hypothetical

innate

mechanism

every

normal

human

child

is

believed

to

be

born

with,

which

allow

them

to

acquire

language.

(03)

3. Universal Grammar:

A theory which claims to account for the grammatical

competence of every adult no matter what language he or she speaks.

4. motherese:

A special speech to children used by adults, which is characterized

with

slow

rate

of

speed,

high

pitch,

rich

intonation,

shorter

and

simpler

sentence

structures etc.----

又叫

child directed speech

，

caretaker talk.(05)

5. Critical Period Hypothesis:

The hypothesis that the time span between early

childhood

and

puberty

is

the

critical

period

for

language

acquisition,

during

which

children can acquire language without formal instruction successfully and

effortlessly. (07C/ 06F/ 04)

6. under-extension:

Use a word with less than its usual range of denotation.

7. over-extension:

Extension of the meaning of a word beyond its usual domain of

application by young children.

8. telegraphic speech:

Children

’

s early multiword speech that contains content

words and lacks function words and inflectional morphemes.

9. content word:

Words referring to things, quality, state or action, which have

lexical meaning used alone.

10. function word:

Words with little meaning on their own but show grammatical

relationships in and between sentences.