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三层交换机端口IP地址配置方法

作者:高考题库网
来源:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao
2021-02-20 15:17
tags:

-

2021年2月20日发(作者:ulay)


In 2016 County Economic w


orkshop S


hang


of spe


ech


comra


de are: thi


s county economi


c work


shop of main ta


sk is, full impl


ement impleme


ntation Ce


ntral, and


provi


ncial


, and muni


cipal


economi


c work


shop a


nd pr


ovince party mai


n leaders semi


nar spirit, re


calle


d summary results, a


nalysi


s judge situation,


arrangement


s de


ployment


new a


nnual focus w


ork task, mobilization County


upper and low


er further grasp ne


w normal


, implementati


on


new concept, tem


per ne


w style, show


new a


s, struggle


d to a


dvance County e


conomi


c social transformation


upgrade sci


ence devel


opme


nt. Foll


owing


, told four a a


spe


cts


of probl


em: a, and full


certainly results, effective firm transformation upgrade


of confidence a


nd determination 2015, face macr


oeconomic


dow


n pre


ssure


continued i


ncrea


sed


of severe sit


uation and difficult


heavy of reform devel


opme


nt task, County upper and lower tight at


Central and pr


ovinces series major de


cision depl


oyment, firmly grasp stabi


lity in the


seeki


ng into total t


one,


active


adapte


d economic dev


elopment ne


w normal, focused focus field, full w


ork storming


, County e


conomic


social devel


opme


nt rendering


out contraria


n to good, a


nd sta


bility in the has i


nto, a


nd more


poi


nts breakt


hroug


h, a


nd


Overall a good trend. One is


closely linke


d to the tra


nsformation


nd upgradi


ng of the gl


obal,


compre


he


nsive e


conomic


pow


er significa


ntly. A


ccurately gauge the macro sit


uation and ba


sed


on real


compre


he


nsive pl


an, str


ongly pr


omote the


sustai


ned a


nd


healthy


development


of economy and societ


y. Project support capa


city incr


ease


d signifi


cantly. Adhere to the


inside


and


out


side simultane


ously,


buil


d, impleme


ntation


of national a


nd pr


ovincial investme


nt of 625 milli


on Yuan, for State one or two, three, four or five specific


bond funds a


nd l


ocal re


pla


cement bond funds of 554 million Yuan, for the starting year


of key construction


projects


has lai


d a soli


d foundation. In parti


cular the national


circul


ar econom


y demonstration


counties a


nd .tw


o State-level


pilot


proje


ct of


ecol


ogical


demonstration


County


proje


ct platforms settled i


n jing


chuan, Z


hu Jia Jia


n construction of the reserv


oir bega


n, ha


ndi


cap re


servoir


s, Li


u Li


he reservoir pr


eparat4i


on w


ork goe


s well, take solid


steps for


com


prehe


nsive


utilization of water resour


ces; city gas stati


on t


o speed


up impl


ementat


ion of t


he pr


oject,


I be


came the


County's first We


st-East ga


s pi


peline


project i


n the surrounding area


be


nefit from the Count


y, major


proje


cts


supporte


d increased sig


nifica


ntly.


Overall well


-off society constantly consoli


date 254t


he ba


sis.


Battle vict


ory industrial


devel


opme


nt as the


primary task of


the well


-off, fruit producti


on


suitable for full coverage of the target will be real


ized, vegetable i


ndustry deve


lopme


nt area extending


, farming aquaculture


cha


nges the moment


um of the show


,


prise


+ ba


se + farmers


dually i


ntroduce


d measures


significa


ntly strengthen standar


dized ma


nagement, i


ndustry constantly consoli


date the


basis


and enri


chi


ng. Inv


estment attraction results


conti


nue t


o expand. A


dhere to t


he soft environme


nt of excelle


nce a


nd impr


ove the e


nvironme


nt are equally

< p>
三层交换机端口


IP


地址配置方法




目前市场上的三层交换机有


2


种方式可以配置交换机端口的


lP


地址,


一是直接在物理端口上设置.


二是通

过逻辑


VLAN


端口间接设置。


为 了分析这


2


种配置方法在交换机实际运行中会产生哪些差别.< /p>


在详细分析了


三层交换机端口工作原理的基础上.搭建测试环境, 主要从端口初始化和三层路由收敛过程分析了


2


种方

< p>
式的不同。


通过分析发现,


在交换机物理端口上直 接配置


IP


地址,


可以节省生成树协议


(STP



Spanning


Tree


Protocol)


收敛所 需的时间,并且不需要规划额外的


VLAN


。为日后的运行维护 工作带来了方便。





三层变换机能够快速地完成


VIAN


间的数据转发, 从而避免了使用路由器会造成的三层


转发瓶颈,


目前已经在企业 内部、


学校和住宅小区的局域网得到大量使用。


在配置三层交换


机端口


lP


地址时,通常有

< p>
2


种方法:一是直接在物理端口上设置


lP


地址,二是通过逻辑


VLAN


端口间接地设置


IP


地址。





作者所在单位日前购得一批三层交换机,

最初只立持第


2


种配置方法但在厂家随后升级


的软件版本中可以支持以上


2


种配置方法。


为了比较这


2


种方法的优缺点,


本文首先阐述了


三层交换机的工作原理,


然后比较了这


2


种方法的操作命争和端口初始化时间.


并通过测试


得出结论。





1


、三层交换机的工作原理





传统的交换技术是在


OSI


网络参考模型中的第二层


(

< br>即数据链路层


)


进行操作的,


而 三层


交换技术是在网络模型中的第三层实现了数据包的高速转发,


利用第三层协议中的信息来加


强笫二层交换功能的机制(见图


1









从硬件 的实现上看,


目前笫二层交换机的接口模块都是通过高速背扳


/


总线交换数据的。


在第三层交换机中,与路由器有关的第三层路 由硬件模块也插接在高速背板


/


总线上,这种

< br>方式使得路由模块可以与需要路由的其他模块高速地进行数据交换,


从而突破了外 接路由器


接口速率的限制。





假设有


2


个 使用


IP


协议的站点,通过第三层交换机进行通信的过程为:若 发送站点


1


在开始发送时,


已知目的站 点


2



IP


地 址,


但不知遒它在局域网上发送所需要的


MAC


地址,


则需要采用地址解析


(ARP)


来确定站点


2



MAC


地址。站点


1


把自己的


IP


地址与站点


2



IP


地址比较,采用其软件配置的子网掩码提取出网络地址来确定站点


2


是否与自己在同一


子网内。若站点

< p>
2


与站点


1


在同一子网内 ,那么站点


1


广播一个


ARP


请求,站点


2


返回其


M AC


地址,站点


1


得到站点

< p>
2



MAC


地址后将这一 地址缓存起来,并用此


MAC


地址封包转发

数据,


第二层交换模块查找


MAC


地址表确定将数据包发向目的端口。



2


个站点不在同子网


In 2016 County Economic w


orkshop S


hang


of spe


ech


comra


de are: thi


s county economi


c work


shop of main ta


sk is, full impl


ement impleme


ntation Ce


ntral, and


provi


ncial


, and muni


cipal


economi


c work


shop a


nd pr


ovince party mai


n leaders semi


nar spirit, re


calle


d summary results, a


nalysi


s judge situation,


arrangement


s de


ployment


new a


nnual focus w


ork task, mobilization County


upper and low


er further gras


p ne


w normal


, implementati


on


new concept, tem


per ne


w style, show


new a


s, struggle


d to a


dvance County e


conomi


c social transformation


upgrade sci


ence devel


opme


nt. Foll


owing


, told four a a


spe


cts


of probl


em: a, and full


certainly results, effective firm transformation upgrade


of confidence a


nd determination 2015, face macr


oeconomic


dow


n pre


ssure


continued i


ncrea


sed


of severe sit


uatio


n and difficult


heavy of reform devel


opme


nt task, County upper and lower tight at


Central and pr


ovinces series major de


cision depl


oyment, firmly grasp stabi


lity in the


seeki


ng into total t


one,


active


adapte


d economic dev


elopment ne


w normal, focused focus field, full w


ork storming


, County e


conomic


social devel


opme


nt rendering


out contraria


n to good, a


nd sta


bility in the has i


nto, a


nd m


ore


poi


nts breakt


hroug


h, a


nd


Overall a good trend. One is


closely linke


d to the tra


nsformation


nd upgradi


ng of the gl


obal,


compre


he


nsive e


conomic


pow


er significa


ntly. A


ccurately gauge the macro sit


uation and ba


sed


on real


compre


he


nsive pl


an, str


ongly pr


omote the


sustai


ned a


nd


healthy


development


of economy and societ


y. Project support capa


city incr


ease


d signifi


cantly. Adhere to the


inside


and


out


side simultane


ously,


buil


d, impleme


ntation


of national a


nd pr


ovincial investme


nt of 625 milli


on Yuan, for State one or two, three, four or five specific


bond funds a


nd l


ocal re


pla


cement bond funds of 554 million Yuan, for the starting year


of key construction


projects


has lai


d a soli


d foundation. In parti


cular the national


circul


ar economy demonstration


counties a


nd .tw


o State-level


pilot


proje


ct of


ecol


ogical


demonstration


County


proje


ct platforms settled i


n jing


chuan, Z


hu Jia Jia


n construction of the reserv


oir bega


n, ha


ndi


cap re


servoir


s, Li


u Li


he reservoir pr


eparat4i


on w


ork goe


s well, take solid


steps for


com


prehe


nsive


utilization of water resour


ces; city gas stati


on t


o speed


up impl


ementat


ion of t


he pr


oject,


I be


came the


County's


first We


st-East ga


s pi


peline


project i


n the surrounding area


be


nefit from the Count


y, major


proje


cts


supporte


d increased sig


nifica


ntly.


Overall well


-off society constantly consoli


date 254t


he ba


sis.


Battle vict


ory industrial


devel


opme


nt as the


primary task of


the well


-off, fruit producti


on


suitable for full coverage of the target will be real


ized, vegetable i


ndustry deve


lopme


nt area extending


, farming aquaculture


cha


nges the moment


um of the show


,


prise


+ ba


se + farmers


dually i


ntroduce


d measures


significa


ntly strengthen standar


dized ma


nagement, i


ndustry constantly consoli


date the


basis


and enri


chi


ng. Inv


estment attraction results


conti


nue t


o expand. A


dhere to t


he soft environme


nt of excelle


nce a


nd impr


ove the e


nvironme


nt are equally

< p>
内.则站点


1


要向“缺省网关”发出


ARP(


地址解析


)


封包, 而“缺省网关”的


IP


地址已经


在系统 软件中设置,这个


IP


地址实际上对应第三层交换机的第三层交 换模块。





当站点


1


对“缺省网关”的


IP


地址广播出一个


ARP


请求时,若第三层交 换模块在以前


的通信过程中已得到站点


2



MAC


地址,


则向发送站点


1


回复站点而得


MAC


地址:


否则第三


层交换模块根据路由信息向目的站广播一个< /p>


ARP


请求,


站点


2


得到此


ARP


请求后向第三层模< /p>


块回复其


MAC


地址,第三层交换模块保 存此地址并回复给发送站点


1


。以后,当在进行站点

< p>
1


与站点


2


之间数据包转 发时,将用最终的目的站点的


MAC


地址封包,数据转发过程全 部交


给第二层交换处理,信息得以高速交换。





在实际过程中,

< br>2


个站点可视为交换机的


2


个端 口,只有为端口设置了


IP


地址后端口


才能工作在第三层状态,也才能完成不同子网间的通信。





2


、两种设置


IP


地址的命令





本文讨论的


2



IP


地址配置方式,


一种直接在物 理端口上设置


IP


地址,


设置过程比较


简单。


例如在作者单位新购三层交换机上配置端口


1/0/1


为路由端口,


IP


地址为


172.16.1.0



OS PF


采用点到点类型,配置过程如下:





#interface Ethernet 1/1




#port link-mode route




#ip address 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0




#ospf networt-type p2p




第二种


IP


地址配置方式是通过逻辑


VLAN


设置


IP


地址,需先给


VLAN


设置


IP


地址,然


后将物理端口配置在

< p>
VLAN


下。


为了保证


I P


地址和物理端口一一对应的关系。


例如在和上面


一样的三层交换机上要配置端口


1/0/1


为路由端 口,


并配置端口的


VLAN


ID



101



VLA N


101


IP


地址为


172.16.1.1



OSPF

< br>采用点到点类型,配置过程如下:





#interface Vlan-interface 101




#ip address 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0




#ospf network-type p2p




#interface Ethernet 1/0/1




#port link-mode route




#port access Vlan 101




由此可见,以上两种方法都能为交换机端口设置


IP


地址,从 操作步骤上看,第一种方


法比较简单,


第二种方法需要先将端口 和


VLAN


对应起来再设置


IP


地址。


而且第


2


种方 法在


配置


IP


地址时还需同时使用对应 的


VLAN


,过多使用


VLAN


号后可能会给日后的运行维护带


来了不便。





3


、端口初始化时问分析





以上


2< /p>


种设置三层交换端口


IP


地址的方法,出 来使用的命令不同以外,在某些网络环


境端口下连接设备时所需花费的初始化时间也会有 所不同。



In 2016 County Economic w


orkshop S


hang


of spe


ech


comra


de are: thi


s county economi


c work


shop of main ta


sk is, full impl


ement impleme


ntation Ce


ntral, and


provi


ncial


, and muni


cipal


economi


c work


shop a


nd pr


ovince party mai


n leaders semi


nar spirit, re


calle


d s


ummary results, a


nalysi


s judge situation,


arrangement


s de


ployment


new a


nnual focus w


ork task, mobilization County


upper and low


er further grasp ne


w normal


, implementati


on


new concept, tem


per ne


w style, show


new a


s, struggle


d to a


dvance County e


conomi


c social transformation


upgrade sci


ence devel


opme


nt. Foll


owing


, told four a a


spe


cts


of probl


em: a, and full


certainly results, effective firm transformation upgrade


of confidence a


nd determination 2015, face macr


oeconomic


dow


n pre


ssure


continued i


ncrea


sed


of severe sit


uation and difficult


heavy of reform devel


opme


nt task, County upper and lower tight at


Central and pr


ovinces series major de


cision depl


oyment, firmly grasp stabi


lity in the


seeki


ng into total t


one,


active


adapte


d economic dev


elopment ne


w normal, focused focus field, full w


ork storming


, County e


conomic


social devel


opme


nt rendering


out contraria


n to good, a


nd sta


bility in the has i


nto, a


nd more


poi


nts breakt


hroug


h, a


nd


Overall a good trend. One is


closely linke


d to the tra


nsformation


nd upgradi


ng


of the gl


obal,


compre


he


nsive e


conomic


pow


er significa


ntly. A


ccurately gauge the macro sit


uation and ba


sed


on real


compre


he


nsive pl


an, str


ongly pr


omote the


sustai


ned a


nd


healthy


development


of economy and societ


y. Project support capa


city incr


ease


d signifi


cantly. Adhere to the


inside


and


out


side simultane


ously,


buil


d, impleme


ntation


of national a


nd pr


ovincial investme


nt of 625 milli


on Yuan, for State one or two, three, four or five specific


bond funds a


nd l


ocal re


pla


cement bond funds of 554 million Yuan, for the starting year


of key construction


projects


has lai


d a soli


d foundation. In parti


cular the national


circul


ar economy demonstration


counties a


nd .tw


o State-level


pilot


proje


ct of


ecol


ogical


demonstration


County


proje


ct platforms settled i


n jing


chuan, Z


hu Jia Jia


n construction of the reserv


oir bega


n, ha


ndi


cap re


servoir


s, Li


u Li


he reservoir pr


eparat4i


on w


ork goe


s well, take solid


steps for


com


prehe


nsive


utilization of water resour


ces; city gas stati


on t


o speed


up impl


ementat


ion of t


he pr


oject,


I be


came the


County's first We


st-East ga


s pi


peline


project i


n the surrounding area


be


nefit from the Count


y, major


proje


cts


supporte


d increased sig


nifica


ntly.


Overall well


-off society constantly consoli


date 254t


he ba


sis.


Battle vict


ory industrial


devel


opme


nt as the


primary task of


the well


-off, fruit producti


on


suitable for full coverage of the target will be real


ized, vegetable i


ndustry deve


lopme


nt area extending


, farming aquaculture


cha


nges the moment


um of the show


,


prise


+ ba


se + farmers


dually i


ntroduce


d measures


significa


ntly strengthen standar


dized ma


nagement, i


ndustry constantly consoli


date the


basis


and enri


chi


ng. Inv


estment attraction results


conti


nue t


o expand. A


dhere to t


he soft environme


nt of excelle


nce a


nd impr


ove the e


nvironme


nt are equally




当把设备连上已经 启动的交换机的端口时,交换机端口的初始化可分为以下


4


个步 骤:


交换机端口速度与全双工的自适应、以太通道配置测试、


T runk


配置测试有线和无线网络、


生成树协议(


STP


)初始化。





1


)交换机端口速度与全双工的自适 应。


首先,交换机端口需要与客户进行速度与全双


工的自动握手 。


举例来说,一个交换机端口可支持


1000Mbit/s



1


Gbit/s


)的全双工速度,


但是客户机只是支持


100Mbit/s< /p>


的全双工,


则交换机和看韩剧很大协商彼此能支持的最高速


率。





2


)以太通道配置。


以太通道配置可以将快速以 太网或千兆以太网连接进行捆绑,使得


交换机或路由器的端口合并起来作为一个单独的端 口使用,


从而获得更高的速度,


如果一天


通道不行,


以太通道通常会提供冗余,


这个过程使用端口聚合 协议



PAGP



耗时大约


15s






3



Trunk

配置测试网络。


接下来,交换机开始测试端口是否


Trun k


端口(交换机之间


互联用的端口)。


Trunking


通过单一的交换机端口,在多个


VLAN


之间交换数据,对


Trunk


端口的测试耗 时很少,约


1s


左右。





4



生成树协议



STP



Spanning


Tree


P rotocol



初始化。


STP


协议可应用于环路网络,


通过一定的算法实现路径冗余,

< p>
同时将环路网络修剪成无环路的树型网络,


从而避免报文在


环路网络中增生和无限循环。在


STP


初始化阶段,< /p>


端口会经历


STP


5


个阶段,即阻塞、倾


听、学习、转发和禁用,整个过程大 约耗时


15s







STP


协议开启的情况下,不同


VLAN


之间 通信需要


STP


协议先为其计算出最佳路径,

< br>避免产生环路,


因此在


STP


协 议工作的网络环境中,


利用逻辑


VLAN


端口来配置


IP


地址,


< p>


STP


协议为


VLAN


之间的通信进行初始化;


而通过物理端口配置

< br>IP


地址,


可以直接在三层


协议 下工作,勿需经过


STP


过程进行路由收敛,因此节省了二层的


STP


协议初始化的时间。





4


、三层环网切换试验





通过以上的分析可以知道在


STP


协议开启的情况下,


利用逻辑


VLAN


端口配置


IP


地址和


方法在端口初始化时会经历一个


STP

< br>协议切换过程,


而作者单位的实际网络为环网结构,


并< /p>


未开启


STP


协议,

所以为了进一步分析


2


种配置方法在实际网络中的区别,< /p>


搭建了测试环境


来进行环网的切换试验。网络试验环境如下:使用


6


台(


SW1-SW6


)厂家的三层交换机组成


环网,关闭三层交换机的


ST P


协议,用一台同厂的两层交换机(


SW7

)作为接入设备。测试


环境的拓扑图如图


2


所示。




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